A person endowed with a number of important social properties is... Freedom - the ability to control oneself
I have already noted that in the examination paper the elements of two content lines “Society” and “Man” are combined into one block - a module. And this gives this material a special complexity.
In this article we will consider some of the most difficult questions for graduates in the “Human” content line.
This submodule contains the following questions: man as a result of biological and social evolution; human existence; needs and interests; human activity, its main forms; thinking and activity; purpose and meaning of life; self-realization; individual, individuality, personality; socialization of the individual; inner world
person; conscious and unconscious; self-knowledge; behavior; freedom and responsibility of the individual.
1. Brief conclusions on the section Man is a being who embodies the highest level of development of life, an active participant in labor, social and even historical activities. With certain inclinations and upbringing (self-education), he is capable of creatively transforming himself and the world around him, creating new material and spiritual values. In a person, the body (physical) and mind (mental) form an indissoluble unity. The separation of man from the animal world took several million years. During this time, two parallel processes took place: anthropogenesis - the formation of man and sociogenesis - formation of society. Modern theories combined these two processes - anthroposociogenesis
2.
. Biological nature is the only real basis on which a person is born and exists. Each individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And man is born only as the animal species Homo Sapiens; is not born as a human being, but only as a candidate for a human being. -
Personality
Personality is a person as a bearer of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with others like oneself, participate in the life of society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings, etc. Moreover, a person receives all these social properties under the influence of society in the process of socialization. Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of a certain system of knowledge, norms, values and social roles, during which the formation of a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society occurs.
Personality is the totality of a person’s spiritual world in inextricable connection with his biological nature in the process of social life. A person is a being who makes decisions with knowledge and is responsible for his actions and behavior. The content of a person is his spiritual world, in which the worldview occupies a central place.
3. Being - a category that means existence based on the position “I am.” Activity is a form of activity that is not limited to adaptation to the environment, but transforms it. Types of activities: practical (aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society) and spiritual (related to changing people's consciousness).
Structure of activity: motive, goal, means, actions, results.
4. Needs are a person’s perceived and experienced dependence on the conditions of his existence. Human needs can be divided into three groups:
Biological (need for food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, procreation...);
- social (needs for work, social activity, self-realization and self-affirmation in society);
- spiritual (needs for cognition, knowledge, other elements of spiritual culture).
A different classification of human needs was proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. He separated primary (innate) needs from secondary (acquired) needs.
The first group includes:
A) physiological (needs for reproduction, food, water, clothing, breathing, housing, rest...);
b) existential (needs for security of existence, comfort, confidence in the future, job security).
The second group includes:
A) social needs (needs for social connections, communication, participation in joint activities with other people);
b) prestigious (needs for self-esteem, respect from others, achievement of success, career growth);
c) spiritual (needs for self-expression).
People's interests should be distinguished from needs.
5. Socialization and personality education:
A) a person’s adaptation to society (society);
b) the process of assimilating cultural norms and mastering social roles;
c) the transformation of a person into a social individual, i.e. personality.
6 . Deviant behavior is deviant behavior that does not conform to society's expectations of human behavior. Deviation itself does not seem to exist; it arises only if there is already a norm and a pattern (standard) of behavior described by it. Any deviation is always a deviation from the standard.
Deviant behavior includes a variety of phenomena, and not necessarily negative ones. Punishment for deviant behavior depends on the seriousness of the violation, as well as how great its consequences are.
Deviations may be:
1) absolute (violation of norms fair for all members of society without exception - criminal offenses);
2) relative (actions or behavior that does not meet the expectations of only some individuals or some social groups).
Tasks for systematizing material
Level C assignments
C1. Name at least three features of the human body that constitute the biological basis of human activity as a social being.
C2. A human child at the moment of birth, in the apt expression of A. Pieron, is not a person, but only a “candidate for a person.” Explain what A. Pieron meant when he named the child "human candidate"? Formulate three judgments.
NW. It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. Many human instincts have been shaken and erased as a result of social history. According to A. Pieron, "Humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity". How is human freedom from the “despotism of responsibility” manifested? Formulate at least three statements.
C4. Build a logical chain based on the statement of the Russian publicist and critic V.G. Belinsky: “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life”.
Explain what role interests, goals, and activities play in a person’s life? What is the connection between them?
C5. Read the text and complete the tasks for it.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between the means and the end. ... the car is not the goal. An airplane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created to serve people.
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more and more modestly and unnoticed. It seems as if all the works of man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over the drawings only appear in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed so that the column, keel of a ship or the fuselage of an airplane would become slimmer and more embossed, until they finally acquired pristine purity and smoothness of lines... It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, and designers boils down to polishing and smooth out to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a kind of perfection of form, naturally developed from a bud, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity that is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when nothing can be taken away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, when an invention is brought to perfection, it is not clear how it was created. With the simplest tools, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object that seemed to have been created by nature itself, like a pebble ground by the sea; The car is also remarkable in the same way - when you use it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupéry. Planet of People
Find any three examples of people's transformative activities in the text.
Indicate and illustrate using this text any two distinctive features human activity.
Can the process of human labor to create machines captured in a document be considered creative? Justify your answer using the text. Define creative activity.
What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests awaits a person at every step: the conviction that one must tell the truth, and the reluctance to offend a person; the belief that you need to come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by providing help you may get hurt yourself...
Continue this list. What types of conflicts in in this case are we talking? Are these conflicts that should be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and unconscious in this example?
C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: “Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford”.
Do you agree with the author? Why?
How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.
Answers:
C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
upright walking; developed hand; complex brain; the ability to see in three dimensions; plasticity of needs.
Other characteristics may be given.
C2. The correct answer may contain the following judgments, for example:
man is a social, social being, and not just a biological one;
the concepts of individual - individuality - personality represent different aspects of considering the problem of “man”, they differ;
a person becomes a person in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);
outside of society - communication with others like oneself, the development of thinking and speech is impossible.
Other valid judgments may be given.
NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:
man is a social and conscious being;
unlike an animal, it has goal-setting; the human ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.
Other wording of the answer is allowed.
C4. The answer must contain the following items:
logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;
a goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;
motives are motivations for activity related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;
interests play a special role in motivation—conscious needs that are of significant importance to people; they are the ones who give value to human activity.
Other wording of positions is allowed that does not distort the meaning of the answer.
C5. Contents of correct answers to tasks for the text.
1) The following may be indicated: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.
2) The answer can indicate and illustrate, based on the text, such features of human activity as: expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result; conscious, productive, transformative, social nature of activity.
3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument: the author describes the emergence of a new, more advanced quality of human labor results;
creative activity should be defined as an activity as a result of which something new appears that did not previously exist.
4) According to the author, “all this was created to serve people”; final goal any transformative activity is service to people. For example: work activity is aimed at satisfying the fundamental needs of people.
Other examples may be given.
C6. The correct answer suggests the following:
there may be a conflict between desires and capabilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;
we're talking about about internal conflicts;
in this case we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), which sometimes evaluates our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.
Other wording is allowed without distorting the meaning.
C7. If the answer to the first question is affirmative, it should be indicated that freedom is the ability to choose a method of action to achieve any goal, which depends on the person, his education, upbringing, attitudes, motives, interests.
The second answer should give definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. Human freedom presupposes his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for class entails reprimand; violating traffic rules is fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the degree of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both mastery of the concepts of the social science course and their application to the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.
Used materials:1. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general education institutions for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies in 2011.
2. Analytical report on Unified State Exam results 2010 Social Studies. (www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html)
3. Open segment of FBTZ. Social studies - (www.fipi.ru/view)
6.2. Test task fund.
1. Psychology as an independent science took shape:
a) in the 40s. XIX century;
b) in the 80s.XIXV.;
c) in the 90s. XIX century;
d) at the beginning of the twentieth century.
2. The recognition of psychology as an independent science was associated with:
a) the publication of Aristotle’s treatise “On the Soul”;
b) development of the method of introspection;
c) the creation of special research institutions;
d) development of the observation method.
3. Psychology as the science of the soul was defined:
a) more than 3 thousand years ago;
b) more than 2 thousand years ago;
4. Psychology as a science of consciousness began to develop:
c) inXVIIV.;
d) in the 18th century.
5. Psychology as a science of behavior arose:
a) in the 17th century;
b) in the 18th century;
d) in the twentieth century.
6. Mental reflection:
a) is an exact copy of the surrounding reality;
b) is selective in nature;
c) presents a photograph of the influencing environment;
d) does not depend on environmental conditions.
7. According to K. Jung, that part of the human psyche that reflects the reality external to the body is called:
a) exopsychic;
b) endopsyche;
c) interopsychic;
d) extraversion.
8. Needs and emotions relate to:
a) exopsyche;
b) endopsyche;
c) interopsyche;
d) extraversion.
9. A mental phenomenon is:
a) nerve impulse;
b) receptor;
c) interest;
d) heartbeat.
10. Psychology studies the features of mental development in ontogenesis:
a) medical;
c) social;
G)age.
11. What is the name of the principle that requires considering (studying, investigating) mental phenomena in constant movement, change:
a) the principle of determinism;
b) the principle of development;
c) the principle of objectivity;
d) the principle of comprehensiveness.
12. The active intervention of a researcher in the activities of a subject in order to create conditions for identifying and establishing a psychological fact is called:
a) conversation;
b) analysis of activity products;
c) experiment;
d) content analysis.
13. Highest form mental reflection, characteristic only of man, integrating all other forms of reflection, is called:
a) emotion;
b) reflection;
c) consciousness;
14. For conditioned reflexes characteristic:
a) congenitality;
b) constancy of reaction to the influence of certain stimuli;
c) variability, development, extinction;
d) uniformity of execution.
15. The development of the human body is called:
a) ontogeny;
b) sociogenesis;
c) phylogeny;
d) anthropogenesis.
16. The development of man as a species is called:
a) ontogeny;
b) sociogenesis;
c) phylogeny;
d) anthropogenesis.
17. A brief standardized psychological test that attempts to assess a particular psychological process or personality as a whole is:
a) observation;
b) experiment;
c) testing;
d) self-observation.
a) relationships;
b) reflections;
c) installations;
d) perception.
19. Obtaining primary images is ensured by:
a) sensory-perceptual processes;
b) the process of thinking;
c) the presentation process;
d) the process of imagination.
20. Unlike other cognitive processes, it does not have any special content:
a) sensation;
b) perception;
c) attention;
d) memory.
21. An anatomical and physiological apparatus designed to receive certain stimuli from the external and internal environments and process them into sensation is called:
a) receptor;
b) department conductor;
c) analyzer;
d) reflex.
22. The minimum amount of stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation is
This is the threshold of sensations:
a) lower absolute;
b) differential;
c) temporary;
d) upper absolute.
23. Changing sensitivity to adapt to external conditions
known as:
a) accommodation;
b) adaptation;
c) synesthesia;
d) sensitization.
24. The main properties of sensations do not include:
a) quality;
b) intensity;
c) duration;
d) volume.
25. Reflection in a person’s consciousness of objects and phenomena in general that directly affect his senses is;
a) sensation;
b) perception;
c) presentation;
d) imagination.
26. Perception is often called:
a) touch;
b) apperception;
c) perception;
d) observation.
27. The type of perception that arises on the basis of tactile and motor sensations is:
a) apperception;
b) illusion;
c) observation;
d) touch.
28. The dependence of perception on a person’s past experience and the characteristics of his personality is called:
a) insight;
b) perception;
c) apperception;
d) sensitivity.
29. Mental activity aimed at creating new images,
called:
a) perception;
b) thinking;
c) imagination;
d) attention.
30. A reproduced subjective image of an object, based on past experience and arising in the absence of influence of the object on the senses, is called:
a) sensation;
b) perception;
c) presentation;
d) imagination.
31. “Gluing together” different qualities, properties, parts that are not connected in everyday life is called:
a) hyperbolization;
b) schematization;
c) typing;
d) agglutination.
32. Reflection in human consciousness of the most complex cause-and-effect relationships and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world is called:
a) perception;
b) imagination;
c) thinking;
d) presentation.
33. The type of thinking based on the direct perception of objects and their real transformation is called:
a) visually figurative;
b) visually effective;
c) verbal-logical;
d) abstract.
34. A relatively stable structure of mental abilities is:
a) thinking;
b) insight;
c) intelligence;
d) giftedness
35. The mental association of objects and phenomena according to their common and essential characteristics is known as:
a) analysis;
b) synthesis;
c) generalization;
d) classification.
36. Depth of thinking is his:
b) level;
d) quality.
37. The logical transition in the process of thinking from the general to the specific is called:
a) induction;
b) deduction;
c) concept;
d) judgment.
38. A characteristic of the intensity of attention is its:
b) degree;
c) direction;
d) concentration.
39. The concentration of consciousness on any object, phenomenon or experience ensures:
a) perception;
b) reflection;
c) attention;
d) memory.
40. Voluntary attention is not conditioned by:
a) the habit of working;
b) contrast of external influences;
c) presence of interests, motives;
d) awareness of duty and responsibility
41. The degree of concentration of consciousness on an object is an indicator of attention such as:
b) concentration;
c) distribution;
d) switching.
42. A person’s ability to preserve and reproduce “traces” of influences on the psyche is called:
a) perception;
b) imagination;
c) thinking;
d) memory.
43. The type of memory based on the establishment of semantic connections in the memorized material is called memory:
a) mechanical;
b) logical;
c) emotional;
d) auditory.
44. The type of memory in which, first of all, the feelings experienced by a person are preserved and reproduced is known as memory:
a) visual-figurative;
b) phenomenal;
c) emotional;
d) verbal-logical.
45. The basis for dividing memory into voluntary and involuntary is:
a) subject of reflection;
b) leading analyzer;
c) the activity of the subject;
d) type of activity.
46. Information is remembered better if it:
a) perceived by ear;
b) perceived visually;
c) is included in practical activities;
d) speaks to himself.
47. The retention of material depends on the process of memorization:
a) completeness only;
b) accuracy only;
c) only strength;
d) completeness, accuracy and strength
48. Speech is (choose the most complete and accurate wording):
b) exchange of opinions;
c) the process of using language for communication purposes;
d) discussion.
49. The functions of speech do not include:
a) designation function;
b) generalization function;
c) distribution function;
d) impact function.
50. A property of speech is not:
b) expressiveness;
c) simplicity;
d) impact.
51. Emotions are a person’s experiences of something like:
a) direct;
b) indirect;
c) conscious;
d) rational.
52. Feelings are called:
a) direct experiences of something;
b) stable emotional relationships towards someone or something;
c) persistent, strong, long-term emotional states;
d) indifferent attitudes to reality.
53. Feelings associated with cognitive activity are called:
a) moral;
b) aesthetic;
c) intellectual;
d) practical.
54. Understanding the emotional states of another person in the form of empathy and sympathy is called:
a) reflection;
b) identification;
c) empathy;
d) sympathy.
55. A strong emotional state of an explosive nature, with a short period of occurrence, affecting the entire personality and characterized by temporary disorganization of consciousness, a violation of volitional control is:
a) stress;
b) affect;
c) frustration;
d) passion.
56. Volitional regulation involves the following actions:
a) unconscious;
b) conscious;
c) intuitive;
d) involuntary.
57. The criteria for will are not:
a) volitional action;
b) volitional personality traits;
c) choice of motives and goals;
d) an indicator of intellectual development.
58. A person’s ability for long-term and unrelenting energy tension, steady movement towards the intended goal is called:
a) persistence;
b) optimism;
c) hard work;
d) consciousness.
59. A certain level of a person’s performance, the level of functioning of his psyche at a specific point in time is:
a) feelings;
c) mental states;
d) attention.
60. Which mental state of a person is not sthenic:
a) cheerfulness;
b) inspiration;
c) apathy;
d) conviction.
61. Personality is a person as:
a) individual;
b) individuality;
c) subject of activity;
62. A person endowed with a number of important social properties (the ability to learn, work, communicate, have spiritual interests, etc.) is:
a) the pride of the nation;
b) a voter;
c) personality;
d) an intellectual.
63. Human activity that has a moral meaning is called:
a) showing off;
b) behavior;
c) self-expression;
d) presentation.
64. The essence of the process of human socialization is:
a) development of its innate properties;
b) mastering numerous relationships between people;
c) mastering the jargon of a certain segment of society;
d) mastering the knowledge necessary for professional activities.
65. Which component is superfluous in the psychological structure of personality:
a) motivational-target;
b) communicative;
c) strong-willed;
d) perceptual.
66. The set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication is:
a) temperament;
b) character;
c) abilities;
d) personality orientation.
67. Personal qualities predetermined mainly by social factors are:
a) instincts;
b) mechanical memory;
b) value orientations;
c) ear for music.
68. The tendency of an individual to see the sources of control over his life primarily in external environment, or in itself is called:
a) introspection;
b) locus of control;
c) inversion;
d) pattern.
69. Impulsivity, initiative, flexibility of behavior, sociability,
Social adaptability is characteristic of people of the following type:
a) introverted;
b) extroverted;
c) intropunitive;
d) schizoid.
70. According to the concept of G. Eysenck, an emotionally unstable introvert is:
a) choleric;
b) melancholic;
c) sanguine;
d) phlegmatic.
71. Considering the psychological structure of a person, S. Freud showed that the pleasure principle is guided by:
a) “It”;
c) “Super-I”;
d) "Super-ego".
72. The transformation of the energy of instinctive drives into socially acceptable methods of activity is called:
a) rationalization;
b) identification;
c) sublimation;
d) repression.
73. Which type of temperament has advantages in certain types of monotonous work:
a) choleric;
b) sanguine;
c) melancholic;
d) phlegmatic.
74. The highest regulator of behavior is:
a) beliefs;
b) worldview;
c) installations;
d) motivation.
75. Which of the following points of view should be considered correct:
a) personality is formed by society; biological characteristics of a person do not influence this process;
b) personality is determined by biological, hereditary factors and no society can change what is inherent in a person by nature;
c) personality is a phenomenon of human social development; the complex process of its development is determined by the unity of the biological and social. In this process biological factors act as natural prerequisites, and social ones - as the driving force of a person’s mental development in the formation of his personality;
d) correct: a, b, c.
76. The system of established views on the world around us and our place in it is called:
a) personal meaning;
b) worldview;
c) conviction;
d) personality orientation.
77. Eliminate the extra word:
a) temperament;
b) abilities;
c) stability;
d) character.
78. Specific cognitive activity on objects and phenomena of the surrounding world is called:
a) attraction;
b) desire;
c) interest;
d) inclination.
79. The developed state of natural inclinations, a favorable psychological factor for successful professional self-realization of an individual, is:
a) skill;
b) skills;
c) knowledge;
d) abilities.
80. An individual person in the totality of all his inherent qualities (biological, physical, mental, social) is:
a) individual;
b) child;
c) person;
d) personality.
81. The biological basis for the development of abilities are:
b) makings;
c) origin;
82. A team of scientists under the leadership of:
a) L.I. Umansky;
b) D.I. Ukhtomsky;
c) B.D. Parygina;
d) D.B. Ukhtova.
83. The natural relationship between the stable characteristics of an individual, characterizing various aspects of the dynamics of mental activity, is:
a) character;
b) temperament;
c) feelings;
84. Gets along quickly with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work:
a) sanguine;
b) phlegmatic;
c) choleric;
d) melancholic.
85. Even in behavior, does not make hasty decisions, slowly switches from one type of work to another, inactive:
a) sanguine;
b) phlegmatic;
c) choleric;
d) melancholic.
86. Too impressionable, responsive and easily wounded, slow to master and get used to changes, shy, fearful, indecisive:
a) sanguine;
b) phlegmatic;
c) choleric;
d) melancholic.
87. Psychological selectivity, practical-psychological observation of the mind, psychological tact - this triad is usually referred to in general terms:
a) “organizational flair”;
b) “stimulus - response”;
c) “knowledge of the matter”;
d) “systems approach”.
88. The ability of a person to infect and charge other people with his energy is:
a) public energy;
b) social activity;
c) social activities;
d) public position.
89. In character, personality is manifested to a greater extent from the outside:
b) dynamic;
c) procedural;
d) structural.
90. Self-criticism, modesty, pride characterize:
a) the attitude of the individual to things;
b) attitude towards other people;
c) a system of relationships between a person and himself;
d) features of his performance of any activity.
91. Temperament refers to the characteristics of mental activity:
a) static;
c) dynamic;
d) purchased.
92. According to I.P. Pavlov, the classification of temperament types must be built taking into account:
a) the ratio of fluids in the human body;
b) features of the functioning of the nervous system;
c) body structure;
d) predominance of the right or left hemisphere of the brain.
93. The presence of abilities for any type of activity cannot be evidenced by:
a) high rate of assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities;
b) high energy costs for mastering the activity;
c) the presence of a propensity for this type of activity;
d) individual originality, originality of labor products.
94. Which of the following points of view is considered the most scientifically sound:
a) human abilities are innate, genetically determined;
b) all abilities can be equally developed in any person,
the necessary social conditions would be created;
c) abilities develop on the basis of certain inclinations when a person is included in relevant activities, creating the necessary social and pedagogical conditions, active work of the individual on himself;
d) every person is able to develop any abilities, if only desire and perseverance are shown.
95. Interaction of two or more people to establish and maintain
interpersonal relationships, achieving a common result is:
a) communication;
b) activity;
c) training;
d) communication.
a) material;
b) cognitive;
c) active;
d) conditioned.
a) cognitive;
b) material;
c) active;
d) conditioned.
called:
a) active;
b) material;
c) motivational;
d) conditioned.
physiological conditions are called:
a) motivational;
b) cognitive;
c) conditioned;
d) material.
100. Communication, the purpose of which is to expand and strengthen interpersonal contacts, establish and develop interpersonal relationships is called:
a) social;
b) biological;
c) interpersonal;
d) group.
101. Communication that is carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature (hands, head, vocal cords, etc.) is called:
a) direct;
b) straight;
c) indirect;
d) indirect.
102. The side of communication, which is based on the mutual exchange of information between communication partners, the transfer and reception of knowledge, opinions, feelings, is called:
a) communicative;
b) interactive;
c) perceptual;
d) social.
103. The side of communication, which is based on the processes of perception and understanding
people of each other is called:
a) interactive;
b) perceptual;
c) communicative;
d) social.
104. The field of knowledge dealing with the norms of spatial and temporal organization of communication is called:
a) proxemics;
b) praxeology;
c) potamology;
d) presbyotia.
105. The ability to remain attentively silent without interfering with the interlocutor’s speech with one’s own
comments are:
a) unreflective listening;
b) reflective listening;
c) creative listening;
d) reproductive listening.
106. The following are not listed among verbal means of communication:
a) visual;
b) acoustic;
c) emotive;
d) tactile-kinesthetic.
107. Gestures, facial expressions and pantomime are means of communication:
a) optical-kinetic;
b) paralinguistic;
c) extralinguistic;
d) spatiotemporal.
108. The main aspects of communication include:
a) acquaintances, attraction, communication;
b) social perception, communication, interaction;
c) interaction, perception, competition;
d) compromise, social perception, partnership.
109. A person who knows how to influence a team in a system of interpersonal relationships based on feelings of sympathy or antipathy, acceptance or rejection is:
a) leader;
b) leader;
110. The sum or set of psychological characteristics of a person that determine his place in the group is:
a) status;
d) position.
111. Having a sense of proportion in relationships with people is:
a) good manners;
b) psychological tact;
c) pedagogical tact;
d) morality.
Those who know how to deal with conflicts by acknowledging them take control of the rhythm of history. (R. Dahrendorf).
Let us ask ourselves: “What does conflict mean?” Scientists give the following definitions: “Conflicts are a special type of social interaction, the subjects of which are communities, organizations and individuals with actually or supposedly incompatible goals; “Social conflict is a clash of opposing interests, views, ideologies between individuals, social groups, classes.” I think that R. Dahrendorf is right. Why? Any conflict begins with social tension; only a pretext is needed to start conflict actions, then either offensive or defensive actions unfold, although sometimes a refusal to act at all is possible. If you don’t recognize the conflict and don’t notice that it exists, then it can continue for a long time. This means that its outcome and result will not be predictable. Examples confirming this conclusion can be cited both from the past, our country, and from the present. The events of January 9, 1905 - “Bloody Sunday” showed that Russian Tsar Nicholas II did not perceive the workers’ speech with a peaceful petition as an increase in social tension in the country. He shot the peaceful procession, did not try to find out the reasons that prompted the workers to go to the tsar, thereby giving rise to the outbreak of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. In our opinion, the history of the Chechen war had the same development option. Russian government initially did not react to the declaration of sovereignty Chechen Republic, which then led to the first and second Chechen wars. So, indeed, R. Dahrendorf is right and history shows that if we do not see, do not notice the emergence and growth of a conflict, then we will not be able to predict its completion and result.
Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness. (K.K. Platonov)
Man is an eternal problem. Our ancestors believed that man was destined for endless life. And that he must cognize his essence throughout his entire earthly life, and perhaps even beyond it. And now there are many people (mainly believers) who think the same way. At the same time, as the authority of science increased, based on its real achievements in the natural and technical fields, the point of view according to which man is as knowable as, for example, the microworld or solar system. Personality is a person as a bearer of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with others like oneself, participate in the life of society, have spiritual interests, and experience complex feelings. In this sense, any adult is a person. However, it is widely believed that a person becomes an individual from the earliest years of his life. This point of view has many opponents. They say that a person is not born, but becomes one in the process of activity. Becoming a subject public life Having mastered social experience, comparing himself with others, a person begins to highlight and feel his “I”, which is the main manifestation of consciousness and self-awareness of the individual. When we talk about the individual as a subject of social relations, we mean, first of all, his ability to make independent decisions, positions, and actions. The more confident a person is, the more he corresponds to the position of an active participant in public life.
A person’s personality is in no sense pre-existing in relation to his activity, just like his consciousness; it is generated by it. (A.N. Leontyev)
Leontyev Alexey Nikolaevich is a Soviet psychologist who worked on problems of consciousness and activity.
A personality is a specific person who is a representative of a certain society, a certain social group, engaged in a specific type of activity, aware of his attitude to the environment and endowed with individual psychological characteristics.
Personality is not only a subject of psychology, but also a subject of philosophical, socio-historical knowledge; finally, at a certain level of analysis, the personality appears from the side of its natural, biological characteristics as a subject of anthropology, somatology and human genetics. Intuitively, we know quite well what the differences are. However, in psychological theories of personality, gross confusions and unjustified oppositions of these approaches to the study of personality constantly arise. Only a few general provisions about personality are accepted, with certain reservations, by all authors. One of them is that personality is a kind of unique unity, a kind of integrity. Another position is to recognize the role of the individual as the highest integrating authority that controls mental processes. However, attempts to further interpret these provisions have led to a number of false ideas in psychology that mystify the problem of personality.
And one more aspect. The four conflict periods that a child goes through during the learning process are the period of adaptation. The “Adaptation Program” offers such a form of pedagogical support as “Days of Active Interaction”, which helps to overcome such a complex process.
Of course, we also use traditional methods of education: meetings of the Crime Prevention Council, small pedagogical councils, individual conversations, involving schoolchildren in sections and clubs; pedagogical education of parents through “Parental universal education” and much more.
The main thing is that we must fight not against the bad, but for the good, that is, for the person he should be in the present and future.
Today there is no “dropout” at school; the number of repeaters has decreased. But not everything is so good for us either. It is alarming that out of 13 students registered at school, five are primary school students!
We try to do everything in our power for these children. Free trips to the Obskie Zori sanatorium have been allocated to Ksenia Nikulina, Alexander and Dmitry Rudakov, and Valentina Volchek; first of all, these children receive food stamps. The school's Board of Trustees does not refuse financial assistance for the purchase of textbooks and teaching materials. Parents are in a position of indifference and resolutely do not want to educate their children. Some, due to their “high competence” (Balakina O.N.), others, due to their pedagogical illiteracy and reluctance to change their lifestyle (Stepanov, Gulyaev family). The child witnesses the unseemly actions of his parents, and receives a kind of instruction on how to live.
In my opinion, in terms of the idea of pedagogical support, Russia, although “not ahead of the curve,” is on par. However, parents, or so-called dysfunctional families, should be placed in a more responsible position. And here we should turn to the experience of Western schools - the creation of juvenile courts.
People are born only with a pure nature, only then do their fathers make them Jews, Christians or fire worshipers. (Saadi)
It is difficult to disagree with this statement. Man is a biosocial being. From birth we have, in the words of the poet Saadi, “pure nature.” A little Arab and a little Jew are biologically very similar to each other, and only their parents will explain to them that they are enemies. It is the parents who introduce the child to religion, as well as introduce him to traditions, and educate him. During the course of upbringing, a child is instilled not only with certain moral, aesthetic, moral standards, but also with faith in God or, depending on the religion, in an animal or plant, an idol. If parents are atheists, then their children, as a rule, will be atheists. Religion is one of the most important, and at the same time one of the oldest institutions of human society. But what is religion and what are its signs? Religion is certain views and ideas of people, corresponding rituals and cults. Religion is characterized, firstly, by a group of believers, secondly, by teachings, thirdly, by the existence of certain sacred objects, and, fourthly, by the presence of rituals. Each of us, having been born, is nothing yet. Only after some time does he begin to comprehend the actions performed by his parents. After all, it is our parents who lay the foundation of life in us and endow us with traits that are characteristic of both our family and society. A child born into an Orthodox family, but for some reason becomes an orphan and adopted by a Catholic family, will become a Catholic. Some parents, introducing their child to religion, send him to certain religious schools. The soul of a child after birth is Blank sheet paper on which you can write anything you want. In the Orthodox religion, when baptizing a child, no one asks his consent to do so. The fact that a child’s religion is chosen by his parents confirms that some people, upon becoming adults, change their religion or even become atheists. Thus, the famous American actor Richard Gere was once a Protestant, but now he professes the Buddhist religion. There is also a well-known example from the history of Russia: Prince Vladimir did not ask his squad if they wanted to convert to Christianity, but baptized them by force. And then all of Rus' was subjected to Christianization. In our opinion, religion cannot be banned, but it is necessary to instill in children the idea of religious tolerance, and then a grown-up Arab will not blow up his Jewish peer just because he professes a different religion.
People exist for each other. (Marcus Aurelius)
“Marcus Aurelius, in my opinion, is absolutely right. There is no person on earth who would live alone, who would be separated from society. It is human nature to cognize the world around us, i.e. the society around him, nature, himself.
Such individuals who believe that they are separate, that they live in their own “world” and do not depend on anyone, are far mistaken, this is shown by the real world. Without communication, without connection, an individual will simply become an outcast, and as a result of this he loses his vitality.
Maybe love rules everything? Maybe she makes it clear that people exist for each other, to love?
In our world everything is mutual. Egoistic people “sweep” everything under themselves, think only about themselves, but then there will be no mutual help. All a person’s actions come back to him like a boomerang; what he gave will later return as something else, but what he “squeezed” will never return. This theory of psychology says that everything is mutual, that you need to exist not only for yourself, but also for others, which means people exist for each other, but to a certain extent.”
People exist for each other. (Marcus Aurelius)
“Throughout its history, humanity has suffered a lot of troubles, a lot of grief. Destructive wars, the evil of nature and other unfavorable factors have influenced people for many centuries, forcing them to jointly overcome more and more new barriers, forcing them to fight them together, namely together, together, for each other. In other words, share both grief and joy with each other.
In my opinion, the ideal embodiment of the statement “People exist for each other” can be found in the course of human history. Moreover, both in the history of the past and in modern world. The struggle of partisans during wars, and indeed the behavior of people during war, is an ideal model and example of this. People exist for each other, they are more united than ever, they are a single whole. Common grief makes them like this.
If we look at society as a whole, we can also observe continuous interaction between people. It may even imply interaction only to obtain a certain benefit, and not interaction as a dedication to a person for the purpose of good. But even in this case, the statement of Marcus Aurelius will be fair"
Level A assignments
Choose one correct answer out of four. Place an “X” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you chose.
A1. Images of objects and phenomena that once influenced human senses are called:
1) representations
2) sensations
3) hypotheses
4) concepts
A2. Rational is knowledge:
1) through observation
2) direct contact
3) using intuition
4) through thinking
A3. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
1) philosophers
2) sociologists
3) agnostics
4) clergy
A4. Reflection of general and essential features is called:
1) consciousness
2) judgment
3) concept
4) feeling
A5. The method of empirical knowledge is not:
1) experiment
2) observation
3) analogy
4) description
A6. Are the following statements correct?
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A7. Are the following statements correct?
A. The opposite of a truth can be another truth. B. The opposite of truth is always error.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A8. " Green plants owe chlorophyll." This statement is an example:
1) ordinary knowledge
2) mythological knowledge
3) empirical knowledge
4) scientific knowledge
A9. Are the following judgments about the purpose of scientific knowledge true:
A. The goal of scientific knowledge is awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A10. Are the following judgments about human speech activity true:
Human speech activity is primarily associated with
A. Sensory knowledge
B. Abstract thinking
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A11. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective in nature
2) always find confirmation in practice
3) provide complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) can be refuted over time
A12. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and roles is concerned with:
2) jurisprudence
3) sociology
4) political science
A13. Are the following statements about false knowledge true?
A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study.
B. False knowledge is knowledge that has not been verified experimentally.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. Generalization is an integral part
1) production activities
2) sensory knowledge
3) rational thinking
4) gaming activities
A15. Consciousness is ideal, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a flow of mental experiences
3) consciousness is the inner and deep layer of our life
4) there is not a grain of substance in consciousness; it is devoid of corporeality and sensory tangibility
A16. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied:
1) sociology
2) political science
3) philosophy
4) history
A17. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) zoology
2) astronomy
3) sociology
A18. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) linguistics
2) anatomy
3) genetics
4) jurisprudence
A19. Are the following statements true?
A. Social cognition has the characteristics of any cognitive activity.
B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, determined by the specifics and complexity of the object being studied.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A20. In contrast to the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, the cognitive activity of a scientist:
1) based on the use of experiment
2) is based on a creative approach to work
3) develops intellectually
4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A21. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) has an objective nature
2) necessary for a person to act rationally
3) can be passed on from generation to generation
4) involves evidence
A22. Only scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally based conclusions
2) established facts
3) logical conclusions
4) observation results
A23. Which of the following sciences studies power relations:
1) philosophy
2) history
3) sociology
4) political science
A24. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge true?
A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.
B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A25. Among the listed sciences, the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups deals with
1) ethnography
2) sociology
3) anthropology
4) social psychology
A26. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
1) the study of people as representatives of the human race
2) consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person
3) study of society as an integral phenomenon
4) study of society in all its specificity and diversity
A27. Are judgments about cognition correct?
A. Sensory and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A28. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
1) in the coincidence of the proposed ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
3) in accordance with the theoretical conclusions and the moral principles of society
4) in confirming scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A29. Are the following judgments about practice correct?
A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth.
B. Socio-historical practice is the only criterion of truth.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A30. Which judgment correctly reflects the difference between theoretical knowledge and empirical knowledge?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. The theoretical seeks hidden, internal, essential connections and phenomena behind the visible manifestations.
B. We see as we think; and therefore it is not empirics that determines theory, but, on the contrary, theory—empirics.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Level B assignments
The answer to level B tasks is a word, a sequence of letters or numbers. In matching tasks, you need to write down the letters of your chosen answers in the correct sequence.
IN 1. What concept does the following definition correspond to?
“Independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person, conscious grouping of them in a certain sequence, evaluation of the results of actions, methods of action.”
Answer: ____________________.
AT 2. Complete the phrase: “A person as a bearer of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with his own kind, participate in the life of society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings - this is...”.
Answer: ____________________ .
VZ. Insert the missing word: “... are the simplest learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special effort.”
Answer: ________________________ .
AT 4. What concept does the following definition correspond to?
“Mental properties that are conditions for the successful performance of any one or more types of activity”
Answer: ___________________ .
AT 5. Insert the missing word: “The combination of abilities that provides the ability to creatively perform any activity” is called... for this activity.
Answer: ________________________.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences that study man to one degree or another and their brief descriptions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
|
THE SCIENCE |
SHORT DESCRIPTION |
|
1. Anatomy |
A. The science of the structure of organisms |
|
2. Philosophy |
B. Science of education and training |
|
3. Pedagogy |
B. The science of society and social relations |
|
4. Biochemistry |
G. Science of biological nature person |
|
5. Physiology |
D. Science about the processes of human mental activity |
|
6. Anthropology |
E. The science of the functions and administrations of organisms |
|
7. Sociology |
G. The science of the chemical substances that make up organisms |
|
8. Psychology |
3. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge |
Answer:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
AT 7. Match: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
|
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE |
KIND OF TRUTH |
|
1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and biases of people |
A. Objective truth |
|
2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world |
B. Relative truth |
|
3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality |
B. Absolute truth |
|
4. Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment | |
|
5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs |
Answer:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
AT 8. Which of the series proposed below represents forms of sensory knowledge, and which - rational? (Write the correct answer as a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory cognition, and the second three represent rational cognition)
1) Feelings
2) Perceptions
3) Judgments
4) Concepts
5) Performances
6) Inferences
Answer: __________________________ .
AT 9. Fill in the missing word:
“Cognition is... a reflection or reproduction of reality
in the human mind."
Answer: _______________________ .
B10. Finish the sentence:
“An inference in which, based on the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is drawn about their similarity in another, is called...”.
AT 11. Finish the sentence:
“The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called.. ♦.”
Answer:__________________________________________________
AT 12. Complete the sentence by inserting the phrase: “Inferences can be inductive, deductive and...”.
Answer:__________________________________________________
B13. Fill in the missing word:
“Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, it is ... knowledge.”
Answer:__________________________________________________
Level C assignments
Give a detailed answer.
C1. Name the forms of sensory knowledge. C2. Name the levels of scientific knowledge.
NW. What is the specificity of social cognition? Justify your answer based on three reasons.
C4. Name any two differences between educational and scientific knowledge and illustrate each with examples.
C5. “How to know yourself? Not by contemplation, only by actions. Try to do your duty, and you will immediately know yourself.” (I. Tete)
1) What kind of knowledge is Goethe talking about?
3) Which other philosopher asked the question: “What is a person”?
Sat. Read the passage and answer the questions about it. “The most significant event in the science of the 20th century is the feeling of the end of science... At the beginning of the 20th century, new concepts still arose that turned the idea of the world upside down (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics). But in the second half of the 20th century, nothing like that
Did not happen. Satellites and computers are not science, but technology. Science discovers the laws of nature."
1) What does one of the Russian scientists understand by the “sense of the end of science” in the 20th century?
What does he see as the main purpose of science? Do you agree with the author? Support your answer with two specific examples. What is a concept in science? Give a definition. Do you agree with the author’s opinion that “satellites and computers are not science, but technology”? Justify your answer with a specific example.
C7. Read the text and complete the tasks for it.
HOW SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Conclusions that are drawn from everyday experience and from the accumulated wisdom of philosophers, poets and writers are often insightful and informative, but not sufficiently conclusive. Common sense often presents us with dilemmas and unsolved mysteries in cases concerning human social behavior. To understand it, it is important to turn to scientific methods...
The term "scientific" does not designate a select group of highly developed areas of human activity. Rather, it points to a general set of methods—techniques that can be used for a wide range of problems. Therefore, if we are trying to understand whether a field is scientific, the key question becomes: does it use scientific procedures? If not, then it turns out to be outside the scope of science.
These methods and procedures involve attempts to collect systematic information about the problems of interest to the researcher plus a skeptical attitude towards them. A basic premise of science is the belief that all basic assumptions about the physical world must be tested and retested in order to be accepted as true...
In social psychology, which studies the causes of social behavior and social thinking, the experimental method is most often used, in which researchers try to change one variable in order to observe the effect of this on other variables, and the correlation method, when the scientist simply observes naturally occurring changes in the variables of interest. to find out if they are related.
1) What types of knowledge are mentioned in this text?
4) Which two? scientific methods in the field of social psychology is said in this passage? State the significant difference between them. Based on knowledge from the social science course, name another method that can be used in the scientific knowledge of social phenomena.
C8. Choose one of the proposed statements for reasoning in the form of an essay. Write an essay like this.
“Why am I an artist and not a philosopher? Because I think in words, not ideas." (A. Camus)
1. “...A thing does not cease to be true because it is not recognized by many.” (B. Spinoza)
3. “There is no such ignoramus who could not ask more questions than the most knowledgeable person ». (M.V. Lomonosov)
Topic 3. Cognition
LEVEL A
|
№ tasks |
Correct answer |
|
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
4 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
4 |
3 |
|
5 |
3 |
|
6 |
2 |
|
7 |
2 |
|
8 |
4 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
10 |
2 |
|
11 |
1 |
|
12 |
3 |
|
13 |
1 |
|
14 |
3 |
|
15 |
4 |
|
16 |
2 |
|
17 |
3 |
|
18 |
4 |
|
19 |
3 |
|
20 |
4 |
|
21 |
3 |
|
22 |
1 |
|
23 |
4 |
|
24 |
1 |
|
25 |
2 |
|
26 |
3 |
|
27 |
3 |
|
28 |
4 |
|
29 |
1 |
|
30 |
1 |
LEVEL B
|
№ tasks |
Correct answer |
|
1 |
Skills |
|
2 |
Personality |
|
3 |
Skills |
|
4 |
Capabilities |
|
5 |
Talent |
|
6 |
1- A; 2 - 3;3 - B; 4 - F; 5 - E; 6 - G; 7 - B; 8 - D |
|
7 |
1- A; 2 - B; 3 - B; 4 - B; 5 - A |
|
8 |
3, 4, 5, 6 |
|
9 |
Active |
|
10 |
Analogy |
|
11 |
Inference |
|
12 |
Similarly |
|
13 |
Value |
LEVEL C
C1. Correct answer:
Feel;
perception;
representation.
C2. Empirical and theoretical.
NW. The correct answer must contain the following items:
in social cognition, the subject of cognition (a person) coincides with the object of cognition (society), since the subject himself is a member of a given society, i.e. studies “himself”;
The position of the researcher always influences the assessment of the fact, i.e. the researcher is an active subject, his assessment is largely personal and may depend, for example, on the ideology of society, the views of the historical era. Social knowledge is always valuable;
in social cognition, the methods of natural sciences are unacceptable, since society is a world of living people. If natural science is focused on a cause-and-effect explanation of phenomena, then social cognition is focused on understanding meanings and goals. Other reasons for the judgment may be given that do not distort its meaning.
C4. The answer must contain the following items:
if a student “discovers” new knowledge, then it is new for him, and not for science;
the student acquires ready-made knowledge presented in textbooks and other sources of knowledge, and the scientist “extracts” it;
the student uses teaching techniques, and the scientist uses the methods of science. For example, a laboratory experiment in educational activities different from a scientific experiment.
Other examples can be given, but they do not distort the meaning of the judgments.
C5. The answer must contain the following items:
1) Goethe talks about self-knowledge;
3) the names of Aristotle, I. Kant, F. Nietzsche and others can be mentioned.
Sat. The correct answer should contain the following:
1) The scientist believes that in the second half of the 20th century there were no new theoretical discoveries equal to the discovery of quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, or genetics.
2) The correct answer may contain the following positions: The scientist sees the main purpose of science in the discovery of the laws of nature. If you disagree: Science studies not only the laws of nature, but also the laws of social development. Thus, the underestimation of sociological science during the Soviet period of development of our country led to a gap between the declared provisions and reality. Or was it the lack of market regulation mechanisms that had a detrimental effect on the economy?
economy.
Other examples may be given to support your point.
vision.
3) The correct answer may include the following:
A concept is a multi-valued concept, its main meanings are an idea, a plan, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation.
4) If the answer is negative, arguments can be made in favor of the fact that in the modern world science has become an active productive force, and modern society- post-industrial, technogenic.
On the other hand, the widespread introduction of computers and satellites into the life of society may have negative consequences. Any examples that reveal your own point of view can be given.
1) The answer may name the following types of knowledge mentioned in the text:
Ordinary (everyday);
Philosophical;
By means of art;
Scientific.
2) The answer may indicate the following features of scientific knowledge:
Use of special methods;
Collection of systematic information;
Evidence;
Checking and double-checking the received data
Insufficient evidence of non-scientific knowledge;
The emergence of “unsolvable mysteries and dilemmas.”
An example of the last flaw can be any pair of mutually exclusive statements: “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without work” and “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run into the forest.” There should be no distortion of judgment in the examples.
4) The answer must indicate:
Experimental method and correlation method;
Within an experiment, changes can only be made to one of the variables being studied. With correlation, simple observation of natural processes occurs.
Other methods of social cognition may include:
Proposing hypotheses;
Building theories.
I would be extremely grateful if you send me your answers.
Option #1
1 TO public relations include connections between:
A. Climatic conditions and agriculture
B. Man and technology
B. Nature and society
D. People within social groups.
2. The concept of “individual” is defined by:
A. Inseparability of mental and physiological properties in a person
B. A specific carrier of a person’s defining properties
B. Mental component of personality nature
D. The set of socially significant human traits
3. Human interaction with the world is determined by the concept
A. Touch B. Reflex C. Creativity D. Activity
4. An element of the spiritual sphere of society is
A. Representative authorities
B. Social Sciences
B. Regulations
D. Small businesses
5. Is the judgment correct?
A. Progress is the movement of society forward
B. “Progress” translated from Latin means a return to obsolete forms and structures.”
Possible answers:
6.The significant difference between humans and animals is
A. Thinking B. Instincts C. Reflexes D. Needs.
7. Communication is
A Exchange of information between two or more entities
B. Type of technical structure
B. Transfer of information from subject to object
D. Public association
8. Rational cognition is carried out with the help
A. observation B. direct contact C. thinking D. at the level of instinct
A. free pricing for goods and services
B. Centralized resource distribution
10. The highest executive body of the Russian Federation is
A. Federal Assembly
B. Government
B. Presidential Administration
D. Constitutional Court
IN 1. Fill in the missing word
Morality, law, customs, traditions, rituals are social ____________
AT 2. Below are a number of terms. All, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “cognition”. Write down a term that falls out of their series and relates to another topic.
Sensation, feelings, inference, mind, idea, nation, perception.
AT 3. Complete the sentence:
“The set of moral norms that have received ideological justification in the form of the ideals of good and evil, due, and fair is ___________________________________”
Describe the areas of public life and give examples from life.
Option No. 2
1. Social relations include connections between:
And nature and society
B. groups of people
B. man and technology
D. geographical conditions and division of labor
2. The concept of “individual” is defined by:
A. an individual representative of the human race
B. outstanding political figure
B. An individual representative of the animal world
G. only outstanding figure culture
3. Complete the definition: “society is..”
A. directed development from less perfect to more perfect
B. ways of interaction and forms of uniting people
B. part of nature
D. the material world as a whole
4. A type of activity characteristic only of humans
A. satisfaction of physiological needs B. interaction in a group
B. changing the conditions of one’s existence D. caring for offspring
5. Is the judgment correct?
A. Society and nature form parts of a single material world
B. Society and nature influence each other
Possible answers:
1.only A is correct. 2.only B is correct 3.A and B are correct 4.Both are incorrect.
6. A person’s ideas about the world around him are called
A. knowledge B. worldview C. dreams D. fantasies
7. Communication is
A. exchange of information between two or more entities
B. form of a literary work
B. unification of primitive tribes
D. stage of sensory cognition
8.The forms of sensory knowledge do not include:
A. sensation B. idea C. inference D. perception
9. One of the signs of a market economy
A. competition between producers
B. dominance of state ownership
B. centralized distribution of resources
D. Directive planning of economic activities
10. The highest legislative body of the Russian Federation is
A. Presidential Administration
B. State Duma
B. Federation Council
G. Federal Assembly
Q 1. Fill in the missing word
The set of generally binding rules of conduct developed and approved by the state is _______________________
AT 2. Below are a number of terms. All, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “activity.” Write down a term that falls out of their series and relates to another topic: Subject, goal, means, party, object, result, action.
______________________________________________________________________
AT 3. Complete the sentence:
“A set of norms that determine human behavior in society and are based on public opinion- This______________________________"
Write down all the definitions of the term “society” and give examples.
11. A holistic idea of nature, society, man, which is expressed in the system of values and ideals of the individual, socialgroups, societies are
1) nature-centrism 2) science-centrism 3) worldview 4) sociocentrism
12 . The process of mastering knowledge and skills, ways of behavior is called:
1) education 2) adaptation 3) socialization 4) modernization
13 . The form of interaction with the surrounding world inherent only to humans is
1) need 2) activity 3) goal 4) program
14 . A person’s definition of himself as an individual capable of making independent decisions and entering into certain relationships with other people and nature:
1) socialization 2) education 3) self-realization 4) self-awareness
15. The form of interaction with the surrounding world inherent only to humans is
1) need 2) activity 3) goal 4) program.
16 .The term "society" Not includes the concept:
1) A form of unification of people
2) Parts of the material world
3) Natural environment a habitat
4) Ways of interaction between people
17 .The transition from slash-and-burn to arable farming is an example of the relationship:
1) Society and nature
2) Societies and cultures
3) Economics and religion
4) Civilizations and formation
18. All examples, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “social needs”. Provide additional examples.
Creation of cultural values, labor activity, communication, social activity,
participation in the game, sleep.
19. Complete the sentences:
1) According to the need for reproduction of the species, a social
institute -….
2) Man is a product of biological, cultural and social….
3) That which is most dear is sacred both for one person and for all humanity
- This … .
4) In accordance with social needs, social... have developed.
5) The origin of man is called….
6) Perfection, the highest goal of human aspiration is... .
20. Spiritual and physical in man:
1) Precede each other
2) Connected to each other
3) Oppose each other
4) Independent of each other
21. A distinctive feature of a person is
1)Satisfy your needs
2) Adaptation to the environment
3) Understanding the world and oneself
4)Use of tools
22 .Gennady has the knowledge and ability to protect personal rights, respects the rights of others, strictly fulfills his duties, and complies with the laws of the country. What qualities does Gennady have?
1) Citizenship
2) Conscience
3) Patriotism
4) Responsibility
23 .Are the following judgments about the social principle in man true?
A. The social principle in man precedes the biological one.
B. The social principle in man is opposite to the biological one
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
24.Are the following judgments about spirituality true?
A. Spirituality is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality.
B. Spirituality is the morally oriented will and mind of a person.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
25 .Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
1. Avicenna, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin - these are a few names of child prodigies whose genius has revealed itself to its full potential over the years. 2. Ufologists consider the appearance of child prodigies to be the intervention of aliens. 3. According to biophysicists, prodigies are “made” by geomagnetic waves that affect the fetus. 4. The Earth’s geomagnetic field varies and its intensity depends on the Sun and other planets.
Determine which provisions of the text are: 1) Factual in nature 2) evaluative in nature
Under the position number, write down the letter indicating its nature.
26 .Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps:
“Society, state and culture are the means of organizing human_______________(A), thanks to which coordination between the actions of individual people is achieved/ Coordination__________________(B) of people simultaneously creates society and is created by it. People unite in order to achieve the things facing them __________ (C) Some researchers have even expressed the opinion that the ability to create associations is a special form of a person’s _____________ (D) to a dangerous ____________ (E). If animals change the form of their body or ________(E), then the person combines his efforts with the efforts of other people.” The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word or phrase can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.”
1) Environment
2) Culture
4) Activities
5) Interaction
6) Behavior
7) Tools
8) Device
9) Generation
27 . You are asked to prepare a detailed answer to the problem “Social Progress”. Compose complex plan , according to which you will cover this topic.
What method of obtaining knowledge is used primarily at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge?1) description of facts 3) accumulation of experimental data
2) making observations 4) putting forward a hypothesis
What trend in the development of education is evidenced by attention to the realization of the right of people with disabilities to receive general and vocational education?
1) globalization 3) computerization
2) humanization 4) profiling
For support purposes domestic manufacturer The country's government has limited the import of foreign dairy products and meat. What areas of public life does this fact apply to?
1) economic and social 3) social and spiritual
2) political and economic 4) economic and spiritual
The distinctive feature of the concept “Personality” is(are)
1) articulate speech
2) presence of physical needs
3) the ability to take responsibility
4) consciousness and thinking
Each person as a representative of the human race
1) individuality
2) individual
3)personality
4) citizen
The concepts of “form of government”, “state sovereignty”, “electoral system” refer to the characteristics of the sphere of society
1) economic
2)social
3) political
4)spiritual