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Grounding of supports 6 10 sq. Why do you need to re-ground the VLI? Intersections and approaches of overhead lines with engineering structures

Grounding of supports 6 10 sq. Why do you need to re-ground the VLI? Intersections and approaches of overhead lines with engineering structures

It is impossible to imagine modern civilization without electricity. A huge part of hydrocarbons is used to generate electricity.

However, electricity cannot be transported like oil or coal. For its transportation, power transmission lines (PTLs) are used, providing high-power electricity traffic over the required distances. Bringing the parameters of the energy transmitted through them to the standards characteristic of its consumers implies the use of transformer substations that provide the necessary voltage in the network. Thus, all electrical installations are powered, from a light bulb in a room to industrial equipment.

To prevent injury service personnel and even more fatal, given the high voltage, grounding devices for overhead lines and substations are used. This publication aims to understand the reasons for their need, as well as the designs of these devices.

Why do you need to ground power lines and substations?

By and large, an overhead line (OL) is a series of pillars (supports) exposed to natural factors, such as temperature changes, precipitation, direct exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and others. Due to their influence, the properties of dielectrics may change and direct contact of the current-carrying parts of the cable with the support may occur. Among other things, there are often short-term voltage surges in the line that significantly exceed the nominal (permissible) value, which can lead to a short circuit between the cable and the structural elements of the support.

If you touch such a pole, a person can be injured and even die. Therefore, installing grounding on an overhead line does not at all belong to the category of recommendations or whims of control authorities. This is dictated by the rules for the construction of electrical installations (PUE) as the main normative document regulating requirements for energy systems, including overhead lines. According to this document, grounding devices for overhead line supports are mandatory.

The issue of lightning protection of structures stands apart. The supports can be made of wood, reinforced concrete or steel. For supports standing in an open field, sometimes having a very significant height, being struck by lightning is by no means a rare occurrence. If for steel or reinforced concrete, which have good electrical conductivity and are incapable of combustion, this will not cause serious damage, then for wooden structure may cause destruction or fire. Considering the colossal voltage of a lightning discharge, it is possible to destroy the dielectrics that protect structural elements from the current-carrying parts of the overhead line, which, in turn, leads to an accident.

All this applies equally to substations. Until now, some of them are a large transformer in the middle of a field, powering a farm, for example. Transformer installations are subject to all negative impacts, as VL. Even if this is not the case, they must comply with the requirements of the PUE.

A mast or substation equipped with a grounding device behaves differently. All the charge that hits the support will flow to the ground, given its low resistance and huge capacity. This means that the structure will not be energized and will be safe for human life and health.

Primary requirements

According to the requirements of the PUE, almost every support must have a grounding device. It is necessary to prevent atmospheric overvoltage (lightning), protect electrical equipment located on the mast, and also implement re-grounding. Its resistance should not exceed 30 Ohms. Moreover, lightning rods and similar devices must be connected to the ground electrode by a separate conductor. Among other things, guy wires installed for support stability, if they are present in its design, must be grounded. It is preferable to weld all interconnections, reduction wires and grounding wires, for example, and, if not possible, bolt them together. All parts of the grounding device must be made of steel with a diameter of at least 6 mm. The conductor itself and the joints must have an anti-corrosion coating. Usually this is galvanized steel wire of the appropriate diameter.

Reinforced concrete pillars

The grounding device for overhead lines depends on the material of the supports. When reinforced concrete structure all fittings protruding from above and below must be connected to a PEN conductor (zero bus), which subsequently plays the role of grounding. Hooks, brackets and other metal structures located on the support should also be attached to it. All this equally applies to metal overhead line masts.

Wooden pillars

With wooden overhead line supports, the situation is somewhat different. Due to the dielectric properties of wood, each of the masts does not require a separate grounding device. It is installed only if there is a lightning rod or re-grounding on the mast. In addition, the metal sheath of the cable is connected to the PEN bus of the line at the points where the overhead line transitions into the cable line.

Low-rise buildings

All types of supports must be equipped with grounding devices if we're talking about O populated areas with low-rise buildings (1 or 2 floors).

The distance between such masts depends on the average annual hours at which thunderstorms occur. If this value does not exceed 40, then the gaps between supports with lightning rods should be less than 200 m. Otherwise, this distance is reduced to 100 m. In addition, supports representing branching from overhead lines to objects with potentially large crowds of people, clubs or a cultural center, for example.

Installation of ground electrodes

Grounding of overhead lines is carried out by vertical or horizontal ground electrodes. In the first case, these are steel pins buried or driven into the ground, and in the second, they are strips of metal located parallel to the ground below its surface. The latter option is used for soil with high resistivity. After burying the circuit, the earth is compacted to ensure better contact with the metal. Then the resistance at the grounding of the overhead line supports is measured. It is the product of the value obtained by direct measurement by a coefficient depending on the type and size of the ground electrode, as well as climate zone(there are special tables).

Features of substations

Everything previously described also applies to substations, despite the fact that they are under the roof. The only exception is that people are there quite often or constantly, and, therefore, special requirements are imposed on their grounding.

In general, substation grounding consists of the following elements:

  • inner circuit;
  • outer contour;
  • facility lightning protection device.

The substation's internal grounding loop ensures easy and reliable connection with the ground of all devices located inside the substation. To do this, a steel strip is secured with dowels along the perimeter of all premises of the facility at a height of 40 cm from the floor. The contours of all premises, as well as their component parts, are connected by welding or threaded connections, if any are provided. All metal parts not intended for the passage of current (instrument housings, fences, hatches, etc.) are connected to this bus. Such strips are equipped with threaded connections with increased width washers and wing nuts. This allows you to obtain reliable portable grounding. The neutral bus of the power transformer, taking into account the circuit with a solidly grounded neutral, is connected to the resulting circuit.

External contour

The external ground loop is also closed. It is a horizontal grounding conductor made of a steel strip, connecting a certain number of vertical pins. The depth of this structure should be at least 70 cm from the surface, and the strip should be placed edgewise.

The device must be located around the perimeter of the building, not exceeding a distance of 1 m from its walls or foundation slab. The total circuit resistance cannot exceed 40 Ohms if the soil resistivity is less than 1 kOhm*m in accordance with the PUE.

If the substation has metal roof, then it is grounded by connecting it to the external circuit with steel wire with a diameter of 8 mm. The connection is made from two sides of the object, diametrically opposite to each other. The requirements of the PUE require that this reduction tire be protected by external wall buildings from corrosion and mechanical damage.

Calculation of the substation grounding device is performed to determine the resistance of the system current to propagate into the ground.

This value depends on the characteristics of the soil, the dimensions and design of the grounding device and other factors. The technique is quite extensive and requires special consideration. But it is worth noting that most often they go from the opposite. Having the required resistance and a certain grade of steel, for example, determine the dimensions of the ground electrode, the number of horizontal electrodes and the depth of burial in a known type of soil.

Grounding devices of substations or overhead lines, as well as grounding of a power plant, play an extremely important role in their operation. In addition to providing normal operation of these facilities, they ensure safety of health and life for the people serving them.

GROUNDING OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES



To increase the reliability of power lines, to protect electrical equipment from atmospheric and internal overvoltages, as well as to ensure the safety of operating personnel, power line supports must be grounded.


The resistance value of grounding devices is standardized by the "Rules for Electrical Installations".


On overhead power lines with a voltage of 0.4 kV with reinforced concrete supports in networks with an insulated neutral, both the support reinforcement and the hooks and pins of the phase wires must be grounded. The resistance of the grounding device should not exceed 50 Ohms.


In networks with a grounded neutral, the hooks and pins of phase wires installed on reinforced concrete supports, as well as the fittings of these supports, must be connected to the neutral grounded wire. Grounding and neutral conductors in all cases must have a diameter of at least 6 mm.


On overhead power lines with a voltage of 6-10 kV, all metal and reinforced concrete supports must be grounded, as well as wooden supports, on which lightning protection devices, power or instrument transformers, disconnectors, fuses or other devices are installed.


The resistances of the grounding devices of the supports are accepted for populated areas not higher than those given in the table. 18, and in uninhabited areas in soils with a soil resistivity of up to 100 Ohm m - no more than 30 Ohm, and in soils with a resistivity above 100 Ohm m - no more than 0.3. When using ShF 10-G, ShF 20-V and ShS 10-G insulators on power lines for a voltage of 6-10 kV, the grounding resistance of poles in uninhabited areas is not standardized.


Table 18

Resistance of grounding devices of power transmission line supports

for voltage 6-10 kV

#G0Soil resistivity, Ohm m

Grounding device resistance, Ohm

Up to 100

To 10

100-500

" 15

500-1000

" 20

1000-5000

" 30

More than 5000

6·10


When making grounding arrangements, i.e. when electrically connecting the grounded parts to the ground, they strive to ensure that the resistance of the grounding device is minimal and, of course, not higher than the values ​​required #M12293 0 1200003114 3645986701 3867774713 77 4092901925 584910322 1540216064 77 77 PUE#S . A large proportion of the grounding resistance occurs at the transition from the ground electrode to the ground. Therefore, in general, the resistance of the grounding device depends on the quality and condition of the soil itself, the depth of the ground electrodes, their type, quantity and relative position.


Grounding devices consist of grounding conductors and grounding slopes connecting the grounding conductors to the grounding elements. All elements of the stressed reinforcement of the racks that are connected to the ground electrode should be used as grounding slopes of reinforced concrete transmission line supports for a voltage of 6-10 kV. If the supports are installed on guys, then the guys of the reinforced concrete supports should also be used as grounding conductors in addition to the reinforcement. Grounding slopes specially laid along the support must have a cross-section of at least 35 mm or a diameter of at least 10 mm.


On overhead power lines with wooden supports, it is recommended to use bolted connections of grounding descents; on metal and reinforced concrete supports, the connection of grounding slopes can be made either welded or bolted.


Grounding electrodes are metal conductors laid in the ground. Grounding electrodes can be made in the form of vertically driven rods, pipes or angles connected to each other by horizontal conductors made of round or strip steel into a grounding source. The length of vertical grounding conductors is usually 2.5-3 m. Horizontal grounding conductors and top vertical grounding conductors must be located at a depth of at least 0.5 m, and on arable land - at a depth of 1 m. Grounding conductors are connected to each other by welding.


When installing supports on piles, a metal pile can be used as a grounding conductor, to which the grounding outlet of the reinforced concrete supports is connected by welding.


To reduce the area of ​​land occupied by the ground electrode, deep ground electrodes are used in the form of round steel rods, immersed vertically into the ground for 10-20 m or more. On the contrary, in dense or rocky soils, where it is impossible to bury vertical grounding conductors, surface horizontal grounding conductors are used, which are several beams of strip or round steel, laid in the ground at a shallow depth and connected to a grounding descent.


All types of grounding significantly reduce the magnitude of atmospheric and internal overvoltages on power lines. However, these protective grounding in some cases it is not enough to protect the insulation of power lines and electrical equipment from overvoltages. Therefore, additional devices are installed on the lines, which primarily include protective spark gaps, tubular and valve arresters.


The protective property of the spark gap is based on the creation of a “weak” point in the line. Isolation of the spark gap, i.e. the air distance between its electrodes is such that its electrical strength is sufficient to withstand the operating voltage of the power line and prevent the operating current from shorting to ground, and at the same time it is weaker than the line insulation. When lightning strikes power transmission line wires, the lightning discharge breaks through the “weak” spot (spark gap) and passes into the ground without breaking the line insulation. Protective spark gaps 1 (Fig. 22, a, b) consist of two metal electrodes 2 installed at a certain distance from each other. One electrode is connected to wire 6 of the power line and is isolated from the support by insulator 5, and the other is grounded (4). An additional protective gap 3 is connected to the second electrode. On 6-10 kV lines with pin insulators, the electrodes are shaped like horns, which ensures arc stretching during discharge. In addition, on this power line, protective gaps are installed directly on the grounding slope laid along the support (Fig. 23).





Rice. 22. Protective spark gap for power lines for voltages up to 10 kV:

a - electrical diagram; b - installation diagram

Rice. 23. Arrangement of a protective gap on the support


Tubular and valve arresters are installed, as a rule, at approaches to substations, power line crossings through communication lines and power lines, electrified railways, as well as to protect cable inserts on power lines. Arresters are devices that have spark gaps and devices for extinguishing the arc. They are installed in the same way as protective gaps - parallel to the insulation being protected.


Valve arresters type PB are designed to protect the insulation of electrical equipment from atmospheric overvoltages. They are produced for voltages of 3.6 and 10 kV and can be installed both outdoors - on power lines - and indoors. The main electrical characteristics of the arresters are given in Table. 19. The design, overall, installation and connection dimensions of the arresters are shown in Fig. 24.


Table 19

Characteristics of valve arresters



#G0 Indicators

RVO-0.5

RVO-3

RVO-6

RVO-10

Rated voltage, kV

Breakdown voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz in a dry state and in the rain, kV:

no less

no more

30,5

Leakage distance of external insulation (not less), cm

Weight, kg

Fig. 24 Valve arrester type RVO:

1 - bolt M8x20; 2 - tire; 3 - spark gap; 4 - two M10x25 bolts for fastening

arrester; 5 - resistor; 6 - clamp; 7 - M8x20 bolt for connecting the ground wire


The spark gap consists of a multiple spark gap 3 and a resistor 5, which are enclosed in a hermetically sealed porcelain cover 2. The porcelain cover is designed to protect the internal elements of the spark gap from exposure external environment and ensuring stability of characteristics. The resistor consists of vilitic disks made of silicon carbide and has a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic, i.e. its resistance decreases under the influence of high voltage, and vice versa.


A multiple spark gap consists of several single gaps, which is formed by two shaped brass electrodes separated by an insulating gasket.


When an overvoltage that is dangerous for the insulation of the equipment occurs, a breakdown of the spark gap occurs, and the resistor ends up under high voltage. The resistance of the resistor decreases sharply and the lightning current passes through it without creating a voltage increase that is dangerous for the insulation. The accompanying power frequency current following the breakdown of the spark gap is interrupted when the voltage first passes through zero.


The letter marking of the arresters indicates the type and design of the arrester, and the numbers indicate the rated voltage.


Tubular spark gaps (Fig. 25) are an insulating tube 1 with an internal spark gap, which is formed by two metal electrodes 2 and 3. The pipe is made of gas-generating material and one of its sides is tightly closed. When lightning strikes, a spark gap breaks through and an arc appears between the electrodes. Under the influence of the high temperature of the arc, gases are rapidly released from the insulating tube and the pressure in it rises. Under the influence of this pressure, gases escape through the open end of the tube, thereby creating a longitudinal blast that stretches and cools the arc. When the accompanying current passes through the zero position, the stretched and cooled arc goes out and the current breaks off. To protect the surface of the insulating tube from destruction by leakage currents, an external spark gap is arranged in the tubular spark gap.




Figure 25. Tubular arrester

Tubular arresters are produced in fibrobakelite type RTF or vinyl plastic type RTV. The characteristics of tubular arresters are given in table. 20.

Table 20

Characteristics of tubular arresters



#G0 Arrester type

Rated voltage, kV

External spark gap length, mm

Re-grounding of the VLI is the grounding of the PEN conductor from the complex transformer substation 10 kV/0.4 kV. Its main purpose is to improve the safety of power transmission line sections. VLI stands for overhead power line with insulated SIP wiring. Overhead lines are laid ( air lines) from a transformer station with a solidly grounded neutral, on supports made of wood or reinforced concrete.

Types of supports

Wooden

A similar structure is made from logs without bark ( round wood). The length of one log is from 5 to 13 meters in increments of 50 cm. The thickness of the support is from 12 to 26 centimeters in increments of 20 mm. To make the wooden support rot more slowly, it is coated with a special antiseptic. There are two types of this design: C1 and C2.

Reinforced concrete

Such a device is made of concrete and reinforcement in the form of a rectangle or trapezoid. The reinforced concrete device has its own marking and is marked as SV. After these letters are written numbers that indicate the length of the structure. For example, backwater SV 85. The number indicates that its length is 8.5 meters. The photo below clearly shows what a reinforced concrete support looks like:

The following reinforced concrete structures are used:

  • CB 105;
  • CB 110;
  • CB 95;
  • CB 85.

In order to carry out secondary grounding of the PEN conductor, fittings are welded on both sides of the device.

What is it for?

What is re-grounding of VLI and why is it called that? The fact is that the wire cable is already grounded to the complex transformer substation. (transformer substation with a solidly grounded neutral) is 2 or 4, which are carried out via overhead power lines. One of the cable conductors is considered the main conductor - PEN conductor, the rest are phase conductors. In turn, the PEN conductor is divided into N (zero working) and PE (zero protective). This is the case if it is supported and there is an input device (ID) on the device or in a panel in the room.

The diagram looks like this:

The PUE states that re-grounding the VLI means immersing the PEN or PE conductor in the air electric line with insulated wires.

Important! The repeated grounding circuit is carried out on a support without an input device or an input panel (IB). It is connected to the input machine or to the joint switch.

The protective and working neutral wires are connected at the top of the reinforced concrete column (reinforced concrete column) to the reinforcement outlet. If there is a braced post, then it is necessary to attach it to it, and not just to the main one.

The photo below shows how to re-ground the VLI of the main conductor using a through pole, without a tap. This must be done on every third overhead line support and on the pole that leads to a residential building.

A grounding descent is installed on a wooden support (indicated by number 3 in the diagram below). As a rule, it is made from metal wire. All this is attached to a pin electrode, which is driven into the ground. If the wire is more than 6 mm, then it is desirable that it be made of galvanized metal, and if it is less than 6 mm, it should be made of ferrous metal with an anti-corrosion agent applied.

  • 1 – place of welding;
  • 2 – grounding conductors;
  • 3 - descent.

In a similar way, the re-grounding of the overhead line for a reinforced concrete column is carried out only without a reinforcing outlet.

According to the rules for electrical installations, if PEN conductors have been re-grounded on a wooden structure, then all pins and hooks of the metal support must be completely grounded. If a repeated grounding circuit is not organized on a pole made of wood or reinforced concrete, then nothing needs to be done (PUE 2.4.41).

Electrical equipment made of metal, which is located on supports, must be grounded individual wires. This is equipment such as VU boards, lightning protection or high voltage protection. In the case of a transformer transformer with a solidly grounded neutral, the resistance of the secondary grounding electrode should be 30 Ohms or less.

Please note! For private housing, repeated protection of PEN conductors of VLI does not exempt from installing a special grounding loop. We talked about that in the corresponding article!

If it is necessary to re-ground the overhead line from the transformer substation to the residential premises at a distance of 800 m, it should be done in the following places:

  • on overhead line poles, which are located near the transformer substation and near the house;
  • on overhead power line anchor posts;
  • on a support with a distance of 100 meters from the main grounded support.

Useful

Title page
List of drawings
Explanatory note
Wooden supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding hooks and rotary grounding of the neutral wire
Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding the cable on intermediate and anchor supports
Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines
Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines
Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines
Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding of tubular arresters RT-6 and RT-10 on anchor and intermediate supports
Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding of tubular arresters RT-6 and RT-10 (transitional) on an elevated anchor support
Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding the cable sleeve and tubular arresters at the end support
Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines (transitional). Grounding of RT-20 tubular arresters on an intermediate elevated support
Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines (transitional). Grounding of RT-20 tubular arresters on an elevated anchor support
Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of RT-35 tubular arresters on an anchor support
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate OP-0.4 and intermediate cross PK-0.4 supports
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate transition support PP-0.4
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports UA-I-0.4 and UA-II-0.4
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of end K-0.4 and anchor A-0.4 supports
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of branch anchor support OA-0.4
Reinforced concrete supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of branch transition support OP-0.4
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of inlet boxes on intermediate and end supports for connecting electric motors of mobile machines
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding a box with AP50-T for sectioning the main line on an anchor support
Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of a 4 km cable coupling, RVN-0.5 arresters, SPO-200 lamp on the end support
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas P10-1B; P20-1B; P10-2B; P20-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of corner intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas UP10-1B; UP20-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of end supports for uninhabited and populated areas K10-1B; K10-2B; K20-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch intermediate supports for uninhabited areas OP10-1B; OP20-1B; OP10-2B; OP20-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch supports for uninhabited areas OP10-1B; OP10-2B and 020-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch corner intermediate supports for uninhabited areas OUP10-1B; OUP20-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of the KMA(KMCh) cable coupling and RT-6 arresters; RT-10 on end support
Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of the end supports of 6 - 10 and 20 kV overhead lines with disconnectors for populated and uninhabited areas KR10-1B; KR10-2B; KR10-3B; KR20-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas P35-1B and P35-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas PT35-1B and PT35-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports for uninhabited and populated areas UA35-16; UA35-26
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of a corner intermediate support for uninhabited areas UP35-1B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of end and anchor supports for uninhabited and populated areas K35-1B; K35-2B; A35-1B; A35-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of angular intermediate, end and anchor supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas UPT35-1B; KT35-1B; KT35-2B; AT35-1B; AT35-2B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas UAT35-1B; UAT35-2B
Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the transitional intermediate support PP35-B; PP20-B; PP10-B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of an intermediate transition support with a PPT35-B cable
Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the corner anchor transition support UAP35-B; UAP20-B; UAP10-B
Reinforced concrete supports of 135 kV overhead line. Grounding of the corner anchor transition support UAPT35-B
Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the end transition support KP35-B; KP20-B; KP10-B
Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of the end transition support with cable KPT35-B
Disconnection point 20 kV with an automatic sectional separator on a reinforced concrete support. Grounding
Examples of re-grounding the neutral wire, hooks and pins on reinforced concrete and wooden supports
Sketches of grounding conductors for R =<10 ом
Sketches of grounding conductors for R =<15 ом; R = < 20 ом
Sketches of grounding conductors for R =< 30 ом
Formulas for determining the resistance to current spreading of various ground electrodes
Initial data for calculating grounding conductors
Reinforced concrete and wooden supports. Grounding of supports. Clamp selection
Wooden supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of hooks and rotary grounding of the neutral wire. Knots. Details
Units and parts
Examples of grounding devices. Nodes

Exception information: I-1-88

Action ended 01/01/1988

Title page

List of drawings

Explanatory note

Wooden supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding hooks and rotary grounding of the neutral wire

Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding the cable on intermediate and anchor supports

Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines

Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines

Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Installation of protective gaps on supports when crossing with overhead lines or communication lines

Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding of tubular arresters RT-6 and RT-10 on anchor and intermediate supports

Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding of tubular arresters RT-6 and RT-10 (transitional) on an elevated anchor support

Wooden supports for overhead lines 6 - 10 kV. Grounding the cable sleeve and tubular arresters at the end support

Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines (transitional). Grounding of RT-20 tubular arresters on an intermediate elevated support

Wooden supports for 20 kV overhead lines (transitional). Grounding of RT-20 tubular arresters on an elevated anchor support

Wooden supports for 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of RT-35 tubular arresters on an anchor support

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate OP-0.4 and intermediate cross PK-0.4 supports

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate transition support PP-0.4

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports UA-I-0.4 and UA-II-0.4

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of end K-0.4 and anchor A-0.4 supports

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of branch anchor support OA-0.4

Reinforced concrete supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of branch transition support OP-0.4

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of inlet boxes on intermediate and end supports for connecting electric motors of mobile machines

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding a box with AP50-T for sectioning the main line on an anchor support

Reinforced concrete supports of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of a 4 km cable coupling, RVN-0.5 arresters, SPO-200 lamp on the end support

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas P10-1B; P20-1B; P10-2B; P20-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of corner intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas UP10-1B; UP20-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of end supports for uninhabited and populated areas K10-1B; K10-2B; K20-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch intermediate supports for uninhabited areas OP10-1B; OP20-1B; OP10-2B; OP20-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch supports for uninhabited areas OP10-1B; OP10-2B and 020-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of branch corner intermediate supports for uninhabited areas OUP10-1B; OUP20-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of the KMA(KMCh) cable coupling and RT-6 arresters; RT-10 on end support

Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines 6 - 10 and 20 kV. Grounding of the end supports of 6 - 10 and 20 kV overhead lines with disconnectors for populated and uninhabited areas KR10-1B; KR10-2B; KR10-3B; KR20-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate supports for uninhabited and populated areas P35-1B and P35-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of intermediate supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas PT35-1B and PT35-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports for uninhabited and populated areas UA35-16; UA35-26

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of a corner intermediate support for uninhabited areas UP35-1B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of end and anchor supports for uninhabited and populated areas K35-1B; K35-2B; A35-1B; A35-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of angular intermediate, end and anchor supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas UPT35-1B; KT35-1B; KT35-2B; AT35-1B; AT35-2B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of corner anchor supports with a cable for uninhabited and populated areas UAT35-1B; UAT35-2B

Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the transitional intermediate support PP35-B; PP20-B; PP10-B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of an intermediate transition support with a PPT35-B cable

Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the corner anchor transition support UAP35-B; UAP20-B; UAP10-B

Reinforced concrete supports of 135 kV overhead line. Grounding of the corner anchor transition support UAPT35-B

Reinforced concrete supports VL 10; 20; 35 kV. Grounding of the end transition support KP35-B; KP20-B; KP10-B

Reinforced concrete supports of 35 kV overhead lines. Grounding of the end transition support with cable KPT35-B

Disconnection point 20 kV with an automatic sectional separator on a reinforced concrete support. Grounding

Examples of re-grounding the neutral wire, hooks and pins on reinforced concrete and wooden supports

Sketches of grounding conductors for R =<10 ом

Sketches of grounding conductors for R =<15 ом; R = < 20 ом

Sketches of grounding conductors for R =< 30 ом

Formulas for determining the resistance to current spreading of various ground electrodes

Initial data for calculating grounding conductors

Reinforced concrete and wooden supports. Grounding of supports. Clamp selection

Wooden supports for 0.4 kV overhead lines. Grounding of hooks and rotary grounding of the neutral wire. Knots. Details

Units and parts

Examples of grounding devices. Nodes

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15.06.1971 Approved 245
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