Types of roofs by material. The best roofing for a house: features of choosing a coating from A to Z

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When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is all top design structures. For a modern stone building with flat design- These are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fencing, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof a “covering” village hut would never occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly”.

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can be very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, an attic roof has an attic, while a non-attic roof does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional housing in all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

Combined gable roof in one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, and wooden beams with continuous flooring can be used.

The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer

The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by installing a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a program to transform the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip roof types and structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. All other things being equal, a pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a standard house with a pitched roof. The high slope with living rooms should be oriented towards sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

To build this country house simple materials were used: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

Tightening (2) tightens rafter legs(1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure of a frame house and allows rational use of the space on the upper floor.

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house make it possible to create large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in a hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roof covering. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”

Multi-slope variety

They call it hip hipped roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types at once skylights

Attic construction

Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

The rafter structure of the gable mansard roof has been assembled.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

Load from roof truss the attic roof is conveyed vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are offset by an increase in the area of normal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. Slopes divided into different volumes, Bottom part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks,” complex roofs are rarely found in the architecture of individual residential buildings.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with a complex curved shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you will have to spend. Any developer can handle a gable roof. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.

It is impossible to imagine a house without a roof. To create a roof, the most different materials. For each building you can choose your own suitable option. Some are often used to cover country houses and cottages, while others decorate outbuildings.

To make the right choice, you should know what materials are available and what they are intended for.

Types of roofing materials

Sheet roofing

Metal tiles

It is durable, beautiful, but sometimes noisy. is a steel sheet of various thicknesses (up to 0.5 millimeters), with a galvanized coating. Its surface is coated with a special varnish that protects it from damage. Underneath there are more layers: ground and aluminum. The weight of the sheet is quite light, a square meter weighs only 3-5 kilograms.

Metal tiles are used to cover the roofs of private buildings, industrial buildings, and garages. A false roof looks interesting when layers of metal tiles are laid on a flat roof at a slope.

It is durable, service life is up to 50 years. Taking into account the relatively low cost - 400-1000 rubles, investing in such roofing design seems quite reasonable.

Advantages:

Fast and easy installation.
Durability, withstands high mechanical loads.
Lightweight, you can work with it alone.
Easy loading and transportation.
Affordable price.

Flaws:

High percentage of waste during installation.
Good sound conductivity.

Roofing corrugated sheets

This is a steel profiled sheet, a close “relative” of metal tiles, with a zinc layer and polymer protection. It can be rectangular or wavy, somewhat thicker than the previous type. Available in the form of a wave, rectangle or trapezoid.

It is most often used to cover outbuildings, as well as the roofs of cottages and country houses.

Advantages:

Easy installation.
Durability (service life reaches 50 years).
Low cost.

The disadvantages include noise; it is necessary to soundproof the roof.

Ondulin

An attractive material that is made from cellulose fibers impregnated with bitumen, with polymer components added. Many people call it “Euro slate”. The top is covered with two layers of paint. One sheet weighs about 6 kilograms and has the appearance of a wave. Standard unit dimensions are 2*0.96 meters.

It is used to create roofs on outbuildings, bathhouses, and is used to implement complex roofing due to its flexibility. Often used to replace old coating.

Advantages:

Environmentally friendly.
Excellent water resistance.
Durability, lasts up to 40 years.
Hygiene.
Light weight, easy to install and transport.
Withstands heavy loads and is resistant to chemical compounds.
Silence.
Easy to cut with a simple hacksaw.
Low price.

Flaws:

Flammability.
After 2-3 years, the surface fades and the material loses its visual appeal.
At high temperatures it softens and the smell of bitumen appears.

Slate

The most common and inexpensive material. It consists of Portland cement and asbestos, one sheet weighs 10-15 kilograms. Dimensions vary: width 98-113 centimeters, length 175 centimeters. Depending on the size, there are a number of waves from 6 to 8.

It is used to cover sheds, bathhouses, and summer toilets. It can also be used for private construction, but recently it is rare. Only under conditions of very limited funds.

Advantages:

Long service life, up to 40 years.
Ease of installation.
Non-flammability.
Low price.

Flaws:

Asbestos content. Although its quantity in the composition is so small that there is no talk of a great danger to humans.
Fragile, requires careful handling during transportation and work.
Highly hygroscopic, absorbs moisture well, as a result of which it loses its properties, fades, and becomes overgrown with moss.

Seam roofing

Steel

Consists of zinc coated steel sheets. Quite often it also has a polymer layer. The sheets have a special connection - a fold. The type of sheet fastening depends on its type.

It is used to create roofing at production facilities, for complex roofs(cathedrals, estates), administrative buildings. Can be used to cover private buildings.

Advantages:

Flexibility.
Smooth surface.
Non-flammability.
Durability (up to 30 years).
Light weight material.
Resistant to low temperatures.
Attractive appearance.

Flaws:

Impact damage.
Mandatory creation of thermal insulation.
Installation is difficult and cannot be done independently.
Noisy coating.
Ability to accumulate static electricity.

Copper and aluminum

Sheets with a thickness of 0.3 millimeters, weight: copper sheet - 5-10 kilograms, aluminum - 3-5 kilograms.

Advantages:

Corrosion resistance.
Reliability.
Aesthetics and beauty.
Durability (lasts up to 80-100 years).
Minimal care.
Non-flammability.
Safety.

The disadvantages include the very high cost.

Soft roof

Flexible tiles

It consists of fiberglass impregnated with bitumen with modifiers, top coated with stone (shale or basalt) chips.

It is used to create a roof of a non-standard shape or a mansard roof.

Advantages:

Flexibility.
Silence.
Does not rot, is not subject to corrosion.
Modern design.
Affordable price.

Flaws:

In severe frost it may burst or crack.
At high temperatures, an odor appears and the material melts.
Flammability.

Gidroizol (fused roofing)

It is created on the basis of fiberglass, polyester or fiberglass. The base is oxidized bitumen with the addition of a modifier, which gives the material elasticity. The check contains a layer of polymer and sprinkles.

It is used both to create flat roofs for multi-storey buildings and in private residential construction.

Advantages:

Durability.
Weight is minimal.
Does not require additional care.
Environmentally friendly.
Resistance to fire, water, noise.

Flaws:

Requires special conditions storage: only in a vertical position, away from heating devices.

Flat membrane roofing

The following types are distinguished:

PVC membranes: not environmentally friendly, but provide excellent protection from fire and ultraviolet radiation.
EDPM membranes: They consist of artificial rubber with a reinforced mesh, are highly durable and environmentally friendly.
TPO membranes: thermoplastic olefins reinforced with reinforced mesh. Also safe for humans.

Used to design flat roofs on industrial buildings and residential buildings.

Advantages:

Service life - up to half a century;
Can cover any surface area;
Water resistance;
Installation can be done at almost any time of the year;
High strength.

Flaws:

A prepared base is required;
Do not use organic oils or solvents.

Piece roofing materials

Ceramic tiles

It is created under production conditions by prolonged firing at high temperatures. The surface can be glazed. The tiles are heavy; with dimensions of 30*30 centimeters, a unit weighs more than 2 kilograms. There are several varieties: grooved and flat, stamped and row, grooved, single- and double-wave tiles.

It is used to cover the roofs of houses, regardless of the number of floors.

Advantages:

Economy in maintenance.
Good sound insulation.
Non-flammability.
Durability (up to 150 years).
Resistance to negative environmental influences.
Aesthetics.
Porous structure, ability to “breathe”.

Flaws:

Too much weight requires a good foundation.
Fragility.
Complex and time-consuming installation.
Very high cost.

Sand-cement tiles

It consists of a solution of sand and cement, which is pressed. Dyes are used to add color and glaze. It can be smooth or with a profile pattern. The weight is approximately 40 kilograms per square meter.

It is used to create roofs on residential buildings, the number of floors is not limited.

Advantages:

Durability, it is inferior to ceramic tiles, but under the manufacturer’s warranty it will last up to 30 years.

Flaws:

Thickness more than 1 centimeter.
Fragile, requires careful transportation.
Quite a big cost.

Slate roofing

This is a natural material that is not widely used due to its too high cost. However, it can be purchased in the form of tiles, which are made by hand. With a thickness of 4 millimeters, it weighs up to 25 kilograms per square meter.

Advantages:

The service life can reach 200 years.
An exclusive coating option, the view is simply amazing.
Resistant to fading, frost and sun.
Water resistance.
Fire safety.

The disadvantages include the very high cost.

Self-leveling (mastic) roofing

It is a liquid that is created on the basis of oligomers. It hardens in air but retains good elasticity. Excellent adhesion to surfaces such as bitumen, concrete, metal.

Used in areas where winter is very harsh or where summer temperatures are high.

Advantages:

The coating is done in a short time.
Does not contain harmful substances.
Seamless material.
Resistant to low and high temperatures.
Service life – up to 15 years.

But during installation it is quite difficult to make the coating of the same thickness.

Which roof to choose

Everyone focuses on several basic criteria when choosing a roofing material. But we can highlight the main points that are worth paying attention to.

Criterias of choice

Durability. This parameter is very important, since the roof should not require frequent repairs and increased attention to yourself. The service life is affected not only by the type of material chosen, but also by the quality of installation.
Type of structure, its purpose and roof design. Naturally, for outbuildings there is no point in purchasing expensive elements, while a residential building requires a more careful choice.
The most important is also the financial aspect. Naturally, it is necessary to evaluate the material based on the price/quality ratio, but you also need to take into account the cost of installation based on the roof area, etc. The priority in this case remains metal tiles, ondulin, bitumen shingles, etc. Those who prefer piece materials should understand that installation will be more complex and, accordingly, more expensive.
Aesthetics. The roof should give the building or structure a finished look, while harmoniously fitting into the overall concept of the object, combined with the surrounding landscape and the walls of the building.

What does the choice depend on?

The choice of roofing material depends, first of all, on the main parameters of the roof of the house: decorative features, reliability and weight of the material. In addition to attractive external parameters, the load on the walls should be taken into account. For example, natural tiles weigh 15 times more than metal ones.

The service life is indicated without taking into account some factors: operating conditions, climate features. For example, it is worth understanding that in hot climates, asphalt shingles will not last long.

Cost of roofing materials

The cost depends on their quality characteristics, service life, production capabilities. When choosing, you should take into account the thickness of the elements, type and main characteristics. In addition, it is worth adding to the final calculation the cost of installation and possible expenses for spare parts.

Do not forget about the installation of eaves, hydro- and vapor barrier of the roof, as well as the costs of delivery and transportation. The cost of different brands and manufacturers also differs. The price is affected by the presence and composition of the protective coating, shape and color.

If the cost is not in Russian currency, it is worth taking into account fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate relative to foreign currencies.

Price examples

On average, the following prices for roofing material are calculated per square meter, excluding work:

Metal tiles - from 250 rubles.
Euroslate - from 850 rubles.
Corrugated sheeting - from 600 rubles.
Slate - from 150-200 rubles.
Ondulin - about 300 rubles per sheet.
Bituminous shingles - 400-550 rubles (depending on the manufacturer).
Flexible and soft tiles– from 430 rubles.
Seam steel covering - from 350-500 rubles, copper - from 1800 rubles.
Fused roofing - around 120-150 rubles.
PVC membranes - from 300 rubles.
Slate tiles - from 3500 to 6000 rubles.

The choice of roofing covering should be at the stage of creating a project for a future home.
It is not recommended to do this on your own, since you need to know and take into account many parameters. For advice, it is better to contact specialists who are involved in repairs and construction.
The choice depends on the purpose of the building. For non-residential buildings you can use cheaper and available material, but to create a roof for a residential building, you shouldn’t save on this. The comfort of living and ease of use of the house in the future depend on the right choice.

In order for the roof to fulfill its task, in addition to a solid frame structure, an appropriate coating is required - durable, airtight, and aesthetically pleasing. The use of the wrong roofing material can result in disastrous results - from financial losses caused by continuous repairs, up to serious accidents that occur, for example, as a result of the collapse of the frame. It is also desirable that the roofing material is easy to install - there is less risk of errors. Exist different kinds roofing materials, and they all have characteristic features, knowledge of which will help to make right choice in each specific case.

An important criterion when choosing roofing materials is the complexity of the roof structure. For simple designs, without decorative elements, it is advisable to use various types of sheet roofing, which allows roofing as soon as possible. Below are the main types of roofing materials that are most suitable for this purpose.

Metal tiles are a roofing material that is made from galvanized steel sheets 0.4-1.25 mm thick, with an organic coating with a thickness of 25 microns (polyester coatings) to 200 microns (plastoizol). Weight 1 sq.m. coating ranges from 4.2 – 6.5 kg. Products can be supplied in sheets or in modules (modular metal tiles). A standard module has dimensions of 350-400 mm in length and about 1100 mm in width, and the sheet can reach several meters in length - one sheet of metal tile is on average 6 square meters. roofs. The service life of metal tiles is 30-50 years.

Metal tiles are used in various industrial facilities and residential buildings, for roofing roofs with an inclination angle of 9 - 12°. The sheets are attached to the sheathing with self-tapping screws with special sealing caps. The pitch between the sheathing elements is from 35 to 40 cm, depending on the angle of the roof.

Pros and cons of this type of roofing:

advantages - ease of installation, relatively high strength with low weight, wide range of colors, low price;
disadvantages - large amount of waste, poor thermal insulation properties.

Profiled sheets are made from the same material as metal tiles and using similar technology, but are used mainly for domestic and industrial purposes, for example, for covering industrial buildings or shops. They produce corrugated sheets of various profiles (trapezoid, wave, etc.) and various colors. Thanks to production technology, this material, with proper installation, can last up to 50 years.

Corrugated sheet is a durable type of roofing material and can be safely used on long roofs. The sheet is attached to the sheathing with self-tapping screws with a sealing gasket, on any roof with an inclination angle of 10° or more. At a small angle of inclination, the seams should be treated with sealant.

The relatively low price and ease of installation have made it in demand in a wide variety of construction areas. Among the positive and negative properties of the material, the following should be mentioned:

advantages - ease of installation, lightness and high strength of the resulting structure;
disadvantages - poor thermal insulation, questionable aesthetics of the finished roof.

Corrugated sheets, like other roofing materials from sheet metal, characterized by high noise, which is why the roof needs additional sound insulation.

Ondulin

To produce ondulin sheets, pulp and paper fibers, purified bitumen and polymer resins are used. Ondulin sheets are painted in various colors with temperature-resistant paint. The material is used as a coating for residential buildings, single- and multi-story buildings, agricultural facilities, as well as public facilities. The sheets have a wavy profile, length – 2000 mm, width – 950 mm. With a sheet thickness of 3.0 mm, its weight is only 6.5 kg. This, as well as the ease of installation, allows you to do the roof yourself.

Ondulin sheets are attached to the sheathing special nails. Installation on roofs with an angle of 6° is possible, the pitch of the sheathing elements is from 30 cm. The material is easily cut with a regular hacksaw, which simplifies working with it.

For all its attractiveness, ondulin, in addition to its positive properties, also has disadvantages:

advantages - resistant to corrosion, maintenance-free, safe for health and the environment, has good sound insulation;
flaws - low level fire safety, relatively short term operation (up to 25 years).

Slate

Asbestos cement sheets, better known as slate, are characterized by high strength and durability. Today, both flat and corrugated slate are on sale, as well as a painted version. Wavy slate comes in six, seven and eight waves. Quite a heavy building material, with a length of 1750 mm and a width of 980 - 1130 mm, depending on the thickness it can weigh up to 25 kg.

The slate is mounted on a sheathing made of timber with a cross-section from 50 mm to 75 mm, in increments of 50 cm. If the roof inclination angle is less than 22°, then the sheathing must be reinforced. The slate is secured with special roofing nails.

Pros and cons of slate:

advantages - service life of about 40 years, low price, high fire resistance;
disadvantages - fragility, low moisture resistance.

Taking this into account, slate can only be used for outbuildings.

This roofing material is made from galvanized sheet steel, 05 and 0.7 mm thick, coated with a protective and decorative color coating. Can have as perfect flat surface, as well as a wavy or trapezoidal profile, which serves to strengthen long sheets and minimize the effect of deformation that sometimes appears as a result of exposure to high temperatures. Sheets are available in various widths. The length is selected to the size of a particular slope. On small roofs (with a slope length of up to 10 m), one sheet can cover the entire length.

The roof got its name because of the way the individual elements were connected. The edges running from the eaves to the ridge are connected with a standing seam, and the transverse edges of the roof slope are connected with a rebated seam. The connection can be single or double. During installation, the side edges are joined with a fold, moving from the cornice to the ridge. The panels are secured to the sheathing using special fasteners (clamps).

Seam roofing is used in residential and industrial construction. Her strengths and weaknesses:

advantages - high flexibility and low weight, aesthetics, no risk of fire, immunity to low temperatures;
Disadvantages - difficulty of installation, noise.

When selecting roofing materials and analyzing their properties, one should take into account the severity of certain atmospheric phenomena in a given region of the country (wind strength, intensity of rain and snow). For example, the roofs of houses in mountainous areas must have a large angle of inclination in order to easily get rid of snow. In areas where strong gusty winds are common, it is advisable to choose heavy types of roofing materials for the roof rather than lightweight metal coverings.

Soft roofing and its varieties

There are several types of soft roofing on the building materials market, which have found wide application both on the roofs of industrial buildings and in private construction, especially on roofs with a large number of architectural elements.

Flexible tiles - fiberglass plus bitumen

Bituminous shingles, often also called shingles, flexible tiles, etc., are similar in structure to classic roofing felt. Technically, it differs little from it, since its design also uses a core in the form of a strong base (cellulose, fiberglass or plastic), which is impregnated with bitumen mass and covered with stone chips. The advantage of bitumen shingles is the ability to install them on roofs of any configuration.

Suitable for most roofs with a slope of 12° or more. If we're talking about about the upper boundary, the roof can be very steep, up to the vertical planes. Flexible tiles are attached to continuous sheathing from plywood or OSB boards. A brief description of:

advantages - resistance to the negative influence of weather conditions, various types of deformation, easy installation, does not require special skills and equipment, good sound insulation, long service life;
disadvantages - it is difficult to replace one element, it heats up quickly under the scorching sun, quite a high price.

Roll fused roofing

It consists of two layers of bitumen, between which a supporting base is placed, then a layer of polymer and a mineral coating on top. Polyester, fiberglass or fiberglass is used as a base. The main area of application of rolled roofing materials is industrial engineering, buildings for economic purposes. Optimal inclination slope for one layer 9 – 22°, for two layers 3 – 15°.

Roofing strips are fused onto a cleaned surface treated with a bitumen-based primer using a torch. Each strip must overlap the previous one by at least 10 cm. High-quality deposited material can last up to 30 years.

This is perhaps the most a budget option roofing - all types of bitumen-based rolled roofing materials are characterized by a low price. The pros and cons of this material are as follows:

advantages - good vapor permeability, lightness, environmental friendliness;
disadvantages - low fire resistance, not very attractive appearance.

This product is a type of new generation roll materials. PVC, TIP and EPDM membranes are produced. The nominal thickness of the product is 1.80 mm, 2.20 mm and 2.50 mm (in this case, the homogeneous waterproof membrane layer has a thickness of 1.20, 1.50 and 1.80 mm, respectively). Dimensions 2*20 m.

Sealing is carried out by welding with hot air, without the use of additional preparations. Thanks to this, the connection is homogeneous, its strength is higher than the strength of the material itself, and the seam itself retains all the advantages of the base material. The production of materials is carried out in compliance with high environmental standards. If the roof inclination angle is more than 10°, then the membrane is secured mechanically. The main pros and cons of the material:

advantages – resistance to mechanical stress, water resistance, ease of installation;
disadvantages - increased requirements for the base, exposure to aggressive chemicals.

Self-leveling roofing - applied directly to concrete

Using self-leveling roofing, they create a single (without joints), elastic, light and durable (up to 15 years) coating. To cover flat roofs, bitumen-rubber or polyurethane (polyurethane foam or polyurethane elastomers) masses are used. All of them are supplied ready for use on construction.

Condition for fulfillment good coverage is the appropriate preparation of the base. It must be durable, with a uniform structure; before starting work it must be cleaned, leveled and primed. On flat roofs you can do without reinforcement. If the angle of inclination is more than 2°, then in order to avoid drainage of the mass, the surface is reinforced (with fiberglass tapes, polyamide, polyester or polypropylene mesh). In any case, the use of reinforcement increases the service life of the roof. In addition to its advantages, the material also has some disadvantages:

advantages - no seams, perfect fit to the base, ease of use and relatively low price;
Disadvantages - increased requirements for the foundation.

Like other building materials, the main types of roofing materials, in addition to their undeniable individual advantages, are not without some disadvantages. Therefore, when choosing a roof covering, you should carefully analyze the conditions in which the building will be used.

The variety of roofs misleads the average person who is inexperienced in construction.

When considering roof options, it is difficult to determine what exactly is needed for a future structure and which one is appropriate to build in a particular case.

In addition, you want the roof to be not only beautiful, but also strong, durable, and meet all requirements. The variety of designs allows architectural designers to turn all the most unpredictable projects into reality.

There are different types of roofs of private houses, we will talk about them now.

A pitched roof is a rectangular plane resting on opposite load-bearing walls.

There is a pitched roof:

Ventilated;
unventilated.

Design Features

Directly depends on the slope. Since the slope of the structure is affected not only by the finishing coating, but by the feature climatic conditions, That all these values should be calculated correctly.

An important indicator for the design of any roof is also the total load.

Slope angle

Directly depends on the coating material: coatings differ in their ability to retain snow precipitation.

It is recommended to select materials for covering a pitched roof based on their ability to self-clean from snow.

Moreover, depending on natural features, in places where winds prevail, the area is not sufficiently protected by trees, it is recommended to change the angle of the slope.

Options for a pitched roof truss system

WITH tropic roof structure with one slope can be:

Sliding;
layered;
hanging.

Most often performed from wooden elements for various purposes.

Rafter system of a pitched roof

Installation features

The installation of a single-pitched rafter structure is carried out on the Mauerlat.

If a hanging frame is being installed, a truss is first made on the ground. The entire structure is manufactured according to a given template.

The roof can be equipped with an insulation system. To do this, install the elements necessary for a warm roof.

The final covering of the roof is a protective covering material.

Advantages and disadvantages of a pitched roof

Despite the ease of installation, uncomplicated design, single slope system has its own characteristics.

Advantages:

Inexpensive design;
ease of installation;
resistance to strong winds.

Repair work during operation at pitched roof It’s not difficult to produce and not too expensive.

Flaws:

The need for snow removal;
low height of the attic space. The advantages of this type are strength and reliability in terms of resistance to the vagaries of the weather.

Shed roof

Gable roof

The design, which consists of two slopes, is called gable.

Gable structures can be classified according to the location of the slopes:

symmetrical;
asymmetrical;
broken;
multi-level;
gable with a ridge on the slope.

In addition, other configurations of gable roofs can be designed: sloping from one slope, double sloping, with extended canopies or extensions.

Design options

Particular attention is paid to the load.

Besides, the angle of inclination is important in accordance with the coating.

Quite simple, with the correct determination of all indicators (angle, roof load, natural load) the roof will be reliable and durable.

Tilt angle

The average amount of snowfall in the region is taken into account when calculating the roof load. Besides, the strength of the wind currents affects the slope of the slope.

At different slopes for various materials corresponds certain . All materials have their own indicators.

Rafter system

It can have a layered, hanging, or combined design.

The rafter structure option is selected based on the span between the external walls. In addition to the rafter beams, the structural elements of the rafter system are: ridge, Mauerlat, crossbar, tie rods, and other elements.

Each of the additional elements distributes the load, fixes or strengthens the more vulnerable parts of the structure.

Rafter system gable roof

Installation

When installing a gable roof basic steps need to be followed:

Install beams;
secure the sheathing;
install roofing.

If the rafter legs are lengthened, additional slats are installed under the overhang.

Advantages and disadvantages

The gable roof is the most common roofing model.

This is due to the advantage of this design:

Possibility of arranging an attic;
there is no need to clear the snow from the surface yourself;
simple project;
variety of coatings.

Flaws:

Dependence of roof height on span;
when arranging an attic room, additional reinforcement of the structure and the installation of window systems and heating elements are required.

A gable roof is not the most complex structure, and when fully equipped, it is the most in demand.

Gable roof