Systemic drug therapy for prostatitis: antibiotic therapy, protease inhibitors. HIV protease inhibitors HIV protease inhibitors

The process of digesting food is a complex system consisting of many chemical reactions. Any disruption of this process causes disruptions that can lead to various disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, with a deficiency or excess of certain enzymes, significant disruptions in the functioning of the digestive system can occur.

For example, there is a class of enzymes called proteases. Their main function is to break down proteins and peptides. This class includes substances such as:

• chymosin;
• chymotrypsin;
• pepsin;
• trypsin;
• erepsin;
• carboxypeptidase.

All of them perform very important functions for the human body, but with their excessive activity a number of dangerous diseases develop.

For example, acute pancreatitis. With this pathology, under the influence of these enzymes, the digestion of pancreatic tissue with its own secretion begins. All this leads to the development of swelling and hemorrhages in the organ.

Fortunately, there is a class of drugs called proteolysis inhibitors. They will be discussed below.

Mechanism of action

Proteolysis inhibitors have the ability to suppress the activity of proteases, as a result of which the latter stop the destruction and digestion of pancreatic cells. This happens due to the fact that the drug is able to form, together with enzymes, protein spatial structures, which then disintegrate together with proteases.

Thus, when using these funds, the following occurs:

• Quick relief of acute pain in the area of ​​the affected organ.
• Elimination of symptoms of intoxication.
• Inhibition of the development of edema and necrosis of gland tissue.

Drugs

The list of drugs that can suppress the function of enzymes is quite extensive, but proteolysis inhibitors include such drugs as “Kontrikal”, “Trasylol”, “Pantripin”, “Gordox”.

"Kontrikal"

A medicine produced by the Croatian pharmaceutical company Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o.

In addition to being a proteolysis inhibitor, the drug can also be used as a strong drug because it is able to stop the blood thinning process.

The raw material for the production of "Kontrikal" is the lung tissue of cattle.

Under the influence of the drug, the production of not only trypsin, but also plasmin and kallikrein is inhibited.

The drug has one single form of release - powder for the preparation of an injection solution, which should be administered intravenously.

The cost of the drug is approximately 1500-2000 for 10 bottles.

"Trasylol"

It is another representative of the group of proteolysis inhibitors.

The active ingredient is similar to that of “Kontrikal” and is called aprotinin. Despite the same composition, these two drugs are obtained from different raw materials. In the case of Trasylol, the substance is the parotid salivary glands of cattle.

In general, the drugs are analogues. But, according to research, “Kontrikal” has a more pronounced therapeutic effect. Therefore, it relieves even the most severe pain, and its use is preferable when relieving severe conditions.

Available in bottles with solution for infusion.

The cost of the drug "Trasilol" is about 2000 rubles per bottle.

"Pantripin"

Another drug is a proteolysis inhibitor, which also contains aprotinin.

The drug is produced from the pancreas of cattle, which makes it as close as possible to human cells.

Pantripin is often the drug of choice for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.

The release form and cost are similar to Trasilol.

"Gordox"

"Gordox", like the previous aprotinin-based product, is produced from the pancreas of large animals.

Available in the form of ampoules with an injection solution.

The medicine is not inferior to other drugs in terms of the strength of the therapeutic effect, but costs slightly less.

However, a package of this product, containing 25 ampoules of 10 ml each, will cost the buyer 4500-5000 rubles.

special instructions

It is worth noting that it is unacceptable to abuse the use of any of these drugs, as this can lead to the development of addiction of pancreatic cells to the active substance (aprotinin) and a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the drugs listed above.

Conclusion

Thanks to the advent of proteolysis inhibitors, it was possible to significantly reduce the number of deaths from acute pancreatitis.

These drugs have a high therapeutic effect and can relieve even severe pain syndromes. The use of proteolysis inhibitors for pancreatitis in the acute stage is especially important.

Another advantage of the drugs is the low number of side effects.

The main disadvantage of the above remedies is the high cost of treatment and the impossibility of constant use. Therefore, the use of proteolysis inhibitors is possible only when absolutely necessary.

HIV protease inhibitors include saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir.

Mechanism of action

HIV protease is an enzyme necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of polyprotein precursors of the virus into individual proteins that make up HIV. Cleavage of viral polyproteins is essential for the maturation of the virus to become infectious. PIs block the active site of the enzyme and disrupt the formation of viral capsid proteins. Drugs in this group suppress HIV replication, including resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. As a result of inhibition of HIV protease activity, immature viral particles are formed that are unable to infect other cells.

Activity spectrum

The activity of PI against HIV-1 and HIV-2 is of clinical significance.

Indications

Treatment of HIV infection as part of combination therapy.

Chemoprophylaxis of parenteral HIV infection.

Saquinavir (INV, FTV)

The first drug of the PI group, introduced into clinical practice in 1995. From that moment on, the era of HAART began.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by 30%, but bioavailability is only 4% due to the “first pass” effect through the liver. Food (especially fatty foods) significantly increases the bioavailability of saquinavir. The time to reach peak concentration in the blood is 4 hours. Plasma protein binding is 98%. It is well distributed, but practically does not pass through the BBB. Metabolized in the liver, excreted mainly in feces. The half-life is 1–2 hours. When taken systematically, it accumulates.

Adverse reactions

Gastrointestinal tract: diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea.

Oral cavity: ulceration of the mucous membrane, pharyngitis.

Hematological reactions: hemolytic anemia.

Metabolic disorders: redistribution of subcutaneous fat, increased levels of cholesterol (including low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides, hyperglycemia (sometimes type 2 diabetes mellitus develops).

Nervous system: headache, confusion, ataxia, weakness, dizziness, asthenic syndrome, convulsions, peripheral neuropathies, numbness of the extremities.

Leather: rash, itching, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dermatitis.

Musculoskeletal system: muscle and joint pain, osteoporosis.

Other: avascular necrosis (rare).

When combined with zalcitabine: paresthesia, insomnia, vomiting, stomatitis, loss of appetite.

When combined with zidovudine: hot flashes, pigmentation changes, confusion, intestinal hypermotility, dry mouth, euphoria, insomnia, irritability, stool discoloration, glossitis, laryngitis, urinary retention, anorexia, xerophthalmia, neutropenia, myeloid leukemia (2 months after cessation of treatment).

Contraindications

Absolute

Hypersensitivity to saquinavir.

Liver failure.

Relative

Age up to 16 years and over 60 years.

Pregnancy.

Lactation.

Kidney failure.

Warnings

Pregnancy. There are no data on the passage of saquinavir through the placenta and reducing the risk of transplacental transmission of the virus.

Lactation. There are no data on the penetration of saquinavir into breast milk. Breastfeeding is not recommended for mothers with HIV infection.

Pediatrics. The effectiveness and safety of saquinavir in children under 16 years of age have not been studied.

Geriatrics. The effectiveness and safety of saquinavir in people over 60 years of age have not been studied.

When taking saquinavir and indinavir simultaneously, the concentration of the former increases 4–7 times, while the content of indinavir does not change.

When saquinavir is used in combination with ritonavir, the concentration of saquinavir increases 20-fold, but the content of ritonavir does not change.

When saquinavir is used in combination with nelfinavir, the concentration of saquinavir increases by 3–5 times, nelfinavir by 20%.

When taking saquinavir and amprenavir simultaneously, the concentration of saquinavir decreases by 19%, amprenavir - by 32%.

Nevirapine reduces saquinavir concentrations by 25%.

Saquinavir can increase plasma concentrations of many drugs, inhibiting their metabolism in the liver (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, clindamycin, quinidine, ergot drugs, cyclosporine, fentanyl, alfentanil, alprazolam, triazolam, disopyramide, lovastatin, simvastatin).

Saquinavir should not be combined with terfenadine, astemizole or cisapride due to the high risk of potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia.

Ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole increase plasma concentrations of saquinavir.

Inducers of cytochrome P-450 (rifampicin, rifabutin, phenytoin, etc.) reduce the plasma concentration of saquinavir, reducing its effectiveness.

Healthy cells are protected from the damaging effects of proteolytic enzymes by special polypeptide inhibitors that inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, as well as kallikrein, fibrinolysin and other proteases. They are obtained in the form of preparations of the novogalenic type (contrical from the parotid glands, pantrypin and gordox from the pancreas of slaughter cattle). By reducing the activity of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes, they reduce the alteration of cells at the site of inflammation. By inhibiting kallikrein, they reduce the formation of bradykinin, reduce capillary permeability and exudation.

Contrykalum (Aprotinum)

Protease inhibitors are used to treat acute and exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. Under physiological conditions, the formation of active trypsin and chymotrypsin from proenzymes occurs in the intestine, but during inflammation - in the ducts of the pancreas itself. This is accompanied by self-digestion of gland tissue and rapid progression of the inflammatory process. By inhibiting trypsin and chymotrypsin, contrical and similar drugs reduce the intensity of the alterative phase of inflammation. Protease inhibitors are administered intravenously. They can increase blood clotting and cause allergic reactions.

PVS LOCAL ACTION

To treat inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes and skin, astringents (see), enveloping, emollients (vaseline, lanolin) and some enzyme preparations (trypsin, chymotrypsin, ribonuclease) are used. They are used topically for burns, bedsores, wounds, sinusitis and other purulent-necrotic processes to cleanse the inflamed surface of necrotic tissue, fibrinous films, blood clots (proteolytic enzymes break peptide bonds in proteins and polypeptides, promote rejection), viscous pus (ribonuclease , depolymerizing RNA, dilutes pus, purulent sputum), etc. Sometimes they are used as a means of resorptive action. For inflammation of the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi, solutions of these drugs are administered by inhalation; in some cases (sinusitis, otitis media, iritis, iridocyclitis) trypsin is administered intramuscularly; for exudative pleurisy - into the pleural cavity.

Trypsinum crystallisatum

Ribonucleasum amorphum

Medicinal substances used to correct blood system disorders

DRUG CORRECTION OF THE BLOOD CLOTTING SYSTEM

I. Hemostatics are drugs that help stop bleeding. There are

1. local action;

2. resorptive action;

II. Means for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic syndrome:

1. antiplatelet agents - agents that reduce platelet aggregation;

2. anticoagulants - drugs that reduce blood clotting;

3. fibrinolytic agents that cause the dissolution of fibrin in blood clots.

Hemostatics

1. Local hemostatics - used to stop external capillary bleeding by applying them to damaged areas of the skin and mucous membranes.

Adrenalini hydrochloridum. Apply in a 0.1% solution in 10 ml bottles topically.

Sol. Hydrogenii peroxydum diluta

Spongia haemostatica collagenica (collagen hemostatic sponge)

Stylus haemostaticus (hemostatic pencil)

Adrenaline hydrochloride locally spasms arterioles, slows down the speed of blood flow, activating alpha 2-adrenergic receptors of platelets, promotes platelet aggregation, accelerates the process of blood coagulation and thrombus formation. Used to stop nasal and ear (if the external auditory canal is damaged) bleeding. To do this, tampons soaked in a 0.1% solution of adrenaline hydrochloride are inserted into the cavities.

Hydrogen peroxide, upon contact with damaged tissues, is destroyed by catalases, releasing molecular oxygen, increasing the area of ​​contact of blood with foreign surfaces, which activates the coagulation system. A slight astringent action and mixing are probably important.

Upon contact with blood, thrombin occurs within 15-30 s. causes the formation of blood clots, which help stop capillary bleeding. It is used only locally, for injuries and operations on the liver, kidneys and other parenchymal organs, for bleeding from the bone cavity, gums, etc. It is often combined with hemostatic sponges.

The hemostatic pencil contains aluminum-potassium alum. Upon contact with wounds or abrasions, alum causes protein denaturation, which stops bleeding. Used for bleeding abrasions, wounds, cuts.

2. Resorptive hemostatics

coagulants – products that increase blood clotting

Vikasolum Use tablets of 0.015 (0.015-0.03 in 1-2 doses for 3-4 days and then take a break) and a 1% solution in amp. 1 ml each

antifibrinolytics – agents that inhibit fibrinolysis

Acidum aminocapronicum. Use a 5% solution in 100 ml bottles for intravenous administration.

Contrykalum (Aprotinum)

Vikasol is a synthetic analogue of vitamin K. Promotes the synthesis of coagulation factors (thromboplastin, proconvertin, etc.) in the liver, which accelerates and enhances blood clotting. The effect of the drug develops within a day, regardless of the route of administration. Vikasol is used for pathological conditions accompanied by capillary bleeding, hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver; for bleeding stomach ulcers, for radiation sickness, for chronic capillary, hemorrhoidal and uterine bleeding. (For bleeding associated with the fragility of the walls of blood vessels (scurvy), vitamins C and P, dicinone are used.)

Fibrinogen is a clotting factor obtained from donor blood plasma. When introduced into the bloodstream (administered intravenously), it increases the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood plasma and the likelihood of its interaction with thrombin. This leads to an intensification and acceleration of the blood clotting process. Used for hypo- and afibrinogenemia, for massive bleeding leading to a decrease in fibrinogen in the blood plasma.

Aminocaproic acid inhibits the activity of fibrinolysin and fibrinolysis activators. As a result, the rate of destruction of blood clots decreases and bleeding stops faster. Aminocaproic acid is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but to obtain a quick effect it is administered intravenously in the form of a 5% solution (2.0-5.0 at a time). If necessary, repeat intravenous administration after 4 hours. The drug is used to stop bleeding during surgical interventions, placental abruption, and primary and secondary hypofibrinogenemia.

Must be taken at one hour intervals. Side effects: headache, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urolithiasis.

Ritonavir (Horvir). Side effects: feeling tired, metallic taste in the mouth, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Food plays an important role in reducing the side effects, so it is recommended to experiment with foods to alleviate the side effects of the medicine. If vomiting nevertheless begins (the drug is in the intestines after two hours), then doctors do not recommend taking an additional dose. In order to reduce side effects, it is necessary to take ritonavir on an increasing schedule for two weeks.

Amprenavir (Agenerase). Side effects: rash (in 20% of users), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping or tingling sensation in the mouth. Taking protease inhibitors can cause changes in blood sugar levels (in rare cases, diabetes mellitus), increased levels of fats in the blood, and lipodystrophy (redistribution of fat deposits). Cases of bleeding have been observed in hemophilia.

Atazanavir (Reyataz). Side effects: increased bilirubin levels, headaches, pain or tingling in the extremities, nausea, diarrhea, rash. In rare cases, arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm). Taking protease inhibitors can cause changes in blood sugar levels (in rare cases, diabetes mellitus), increased levels of fats in the blood, and lipodystrophy (redistribution of fat deposits). Cases of bleeding have been observed in hemophilia.

An HIV-infected cell contains in its genome a provirus that is capable of producing material for new viruses. Initially, a long protein chain is synthesized on the viral RNA. To create new full-fledged viruses, this chain must be divided into parts - future individual elements of the structure of new viruses - using a special enzyme encoded by the viral genome, called protease. Without this enzyme, the virus is not able to cut a long precursor protein molecule and form complete viral proteins. Naturally, scientists began to look for chemical compounds that interfere with the work of the protease. The drugs that emerged on this basis were classified as protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs specifically bind to the site of the protease enzyme, which “cuts” the viral precursor protein in the infected cell. As a result, the enzyme stops working and the construction of new viral particles becomes impossible.

This class of drugs appeared in the mid-90s. Unlike reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors are much more specific in their action and have virtually no effect on the functioning of the cell's own enzyme system. In addition, since protease inhibitors act on the virus in very small quantities, their side effects on the body are minimal.

The first drug from the group of HIV protease inhibitors received the medicinal name saquinavir, and the trade name Invirase. Following it, a whole series of such drugs appeared: ritonavir (Norvir), indinavir (Crixivan), nelfinavir (Viracept), amprenavir (Agenerase), lopinavir (Kaletra - in combination with ritonavir), atazanavir (Reyataz).

Drugs based on protease inhibitors have their drawbacks. The treatment regimen involves the use of a large number of tablets and clear instructions for their use. Protease inhibitors are not without side effects, in particular, the changes they cause in the metabolic process lead to heart disease.

One of the most recent drugs, atazanavir (Reyataz), became the first protease inhibitor that needs to be taken only once a day. All previous prosthetic inhibitors must be taken several tablets several times a day. Reyataz is recommended to be taken two tablets once a day along with other

In pancreatitis, activation of proteases leads to inflammation of the organ and the development of necrotic areas.

To prevent such pathological processes, the specialist prescribes Contrical, Trasylol, Gordox or Antagozan. The use of these drugs for intravenous administration is relevant on the first day of acute pancreatitis.

Types of pancreatic enzymes

The main task of the pancreas is to perform endocrine (internal) and exocrine (external) functions. The endocrine function is to produce hormones - insulin, which reduces glucose levels, and glucagon, which promotes the deposition of glucose in the liver.

The exocrine function of the pancreas is to produce special enzymes (enzymes) designed to digest food. They should be divided into several groups - lipolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes. Let's take a closer look at each component.

Lipolytic enzymes. This group is responsible for the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Prolipase is an inactive lipase enzyme that, when entering the duodenum, combines with colipase.

Activation of lipase occurs when there is a sufficient amount of bile salts and trypsin. The breakdown of lipolytic components occurs within 7-14 hours. The glomeruli are responsible for their filtration: they promote the absorption of lipase in the tissue structure, so particles of lipolytic components are not found in urine. Substances similar to lipase are also produced by the liver, lungs and intestines.

Amylolytic enzymes. There are several varieties - alpha, beta and gamma amylase. This group of enzymes is also called starch. Only alpha-amylase is involved in the digestion process.

It is also produced in small quantities by the salivary glands, especially when chewing food. So, we feel a sweet taste while chewing starchy food - rice or mashed potatoes. Thanks to amylase, the process of digestion of starch and other complex carbohydrates becomes easy.

Proteolytic enzymes. The main task of this group is the breakdown of proteins. Proteolytic enzymes promote the breakdown of binding amino acids contained in peptides and proteins. There are two different types of protease in pancreatic juice:

1. Peptidase, or exopeptidase, responsible for the hydrolysis of external compounds of peptides.
2. Proteinase, or endopeptidase, which breaks down the internal compounds of peptides.

Thus, lipase, amylase and protease make up pancreatic juice, which, when entering the duodenum, breaks down complex food molecules into simpler compounds.

Causes and symptoms of pancreatitis

Sugar level

In the body of a healthy person, activation of pancreatic enzymes occurs in the duodenum.

If the functioning of amylase, protease and lipase begins in the pancreas itself, we can talk about a malfunction of the organ.

Pancreatitis is understood as a complex of syndromes and diseases accompanied by activation of enzymes in the gland, which leads to the process of “self-digestion”. As a result, they do not enter the duodenum, and digestion is disrupted.

There are a number of reasons that lead to this pathological process:

• frequent drinking of alcoholic drinks;
• failure to maintain a balanced diet;
• excessive consumption of fried and fatty foods;
• eating too rich food after a strict diet or fasting;
• uncontrolled use of certain medications;
• injuries of the digestive system;
• pathologies of an infectious nature.

When enzymes are activated in the pancreas, it becomes inflamed: it increases in size and necrotic areas appear. Such a process cannot proceed asymptomatically, and in addition, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract occurs.

With a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum and inflammation of the pancreas, the following symptoms are observed:

1. Pain in the left hypochondrium, often of a girdling nature.
2. Significant decrease in working capacity, general malaise and weakness.
3. Dyspeptic disorder – bloating, nausea or vomiting, lack of appetite, abnormal bowel movements.

Signs of the disease may vary depending on the deficiency of a particular enzyme:

• Amylase deficiency leads to diarrhea, vitamin deficiency, and sudden weight loss. The feces become liquid and contain undigested food particles.
• An insufficient amount of lipase, which breaks down fats, causes steatorrhea - an increase in the amount of fat in the stool. With pancreatitis, stools become yellowish or orange and contain mucus.
• With protease deficiency, undigested protein fibers are found in the stool. A characteristic symptom is the development of anemia.

If a person notices such signs, he needs to seek medical help as soon as possible. The doctor will prescribe tests and adequate therapy.

Natural pancreatic enzyme inhibitors

The body produces not only enzymatic substances that promote the breakdown of complex molecules, but also inhibitors of pancreatic secretion, i.e. components that prevent excessive production of pancreatic juice.

Enzyme blockers include pancreatic polypeptide (PPP), YY-peptide, somatostatin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreastatin and neuropeptides.

The islets of Langerhans, predominantly located in the tail of the pancreas, produce a special hormone, PPP, which inhibits pancreatic production of water, enzymes and bicarbonates. It also inhibits the production of acetylcholine.

Secretion of PPP increases in the following cases:

1. with imaginary feeding or consumption of food;
2. after stimulation of the vagus nerve;
3. with acidification of the duodenum;
4. when exposed to gastrin and gastrin-releasing peptide;
5. when exposed to secretin, cholecystokinin and VIP.

The distal ileum and colon release peptide YY as soon as fats enter the digestive tract. This peptide helps reduce the susceptibility of the gland to the influence of cholecystokinin and secretin.

D cells of the pancreas and the mucous membrane of the digestive tract produce somatostatin. This hormone interferes with the production of enzymes and bicarbonates. The autonomic nervous system takes part in the production of somatostatin as soon as fats and amino acids are supplied with food.

Other pancreatic inhibitors are represented by the following hormones:

• Pancreatic glucagon, which stops the production of fluid, bicarbonates and enzymes.
• Pancreastatin, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. It is produced in the efferent endings of the vagus nerve.
• Neuropeptides, which consist of calcitonin information peptide (stimulates somatostatin) and enkephalins (reduce the production of acetylcholine).

During destructive processes in the gland, the secretion of pancreatic enzyme inhibitors may be disrupted, so you have to take medications.

Principles of treatment for pancreatitis

The two main components of effective treatment for the disease are diet and medication. The treatment regimen is developed individually depending on the severity of the disease and damage to the pancreas.

Special nutrition for pancreatitis is based on diet No. 5 according to Pevzner. It excludes excessive consumption of carbohydrate-containing and fatty foods, and is also aimed at eating protein foods.

When chronic pancreatitis occurs, a 3-4 day therapeutic fast is prescribed. During this time, you must completely stop eating and drink warm alkaline water, for example, Borjomi.

Afterwards, gentle foods are introduced into the diet that will not burden the digestive system. Patients with pancreatitis are allowed to consume:

• dietary varieties of meat and fish;
• vegetable soups and non-rich broths;
• yesterday's bread and biscuits;
• low-fat dairy products;
• fresh fruits, herbs and vegetables;
• cereals cooked in water or low-fat milk;
• eggs in limited quantities;
• rosehip decoction, honey or jam (limited).

If the pancreas is inflamed, it is necessary to avoid foods that burden the digestion process:

1. Chocolate products, baked goods, cookies.
2. Fresh bread.
3. Fried foods.
4. Canned food, smoked meats and pickles.
5. Fatty meats and fish.
6. Fatty dairy products.
7. Carbonated drinks.
8. Spices and seasonings.
9. Rich broths.
10. Eggs in large quantities.
11. Strong tea and coffee.
12. Sausages.
13. Beans and tomatoes.

In case of exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, it is necessary to adhere to bed rest.

Medication includes the use of:

• enzyme inhibitors to reduce the activation of pancreatic proteases (proteinases);
• antibacterial agents to avoid inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, purulent inflammation of the omental bursa, the development of pancreatic necrosis and rotting of cellulitis in the tissue of the space behind the peritoneum;
• H2 blockers to reduce the production of hydrochloric acid;
• antacid drugs to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the intestines;
• antispasmodics for smooth muscle spasms associated with dysfunction of the sphincter in the pancreatic duct;
• anticholinergic drugs to block abnormal processes in the ganglia and cerebral cortex;

In addition, enzymatic agents are used to improve the digestion process and eliminate dyspeptic disorders.

Effective medications

On the first day of exacerbation of the chronic form, the use of protease inhibitors for the treatment of pancreatitis is relevant. These drugs eliminate the cause of the appearance of inflammatory foci and the spread of necrotic areas.

Medicinal preparations are extracted from the pulmonary parenchyma and pancreas of cattle.

Below are the most effective medications, the dosage of which is determined individually by the attending physician. They are not produced in the form of tablets, but in the form of a concentrate or lyophilisate for infusion.

Treatment of pancreatitis with inhibitors administered intravenously is carried out only in a supine position. Moreover, the nurse and doctor must closely monitor the patient’s condition. Diet No. 5 must also be strictly followed, which, in combination with drug therapy, will ensure the patient’s successful recovery without any complications.

Experts will tell you how to treat pancreatitis in the video in this article.