Presentation on the history of libraries. Presentation “The First Libraries

The history of libraries. Libraries appeared first on ancient East. Usually the first library is called a collection of clay tablets, approximately 2500 BC. e., found in the temple of the Babylonian city of Nippur. In one of the tombs near Egyptian Thebes, a box with papyri from the II transition period (XVIII - XVII centuries BC) was discovered. During the New Kingdom era, Ramesses II collected about 20,000 papyri. The most famous ancient Eastern library is a collection of cuneiform tablets from the palace of the Assyrian king of the 7th century BC. e. Ashurbanipal in Nineveh. The main part of the signs contains legal information. In ancient Greece, the first public library was founded in Heraclea by the tyrant Clearchus (IV century BC). The Library of Alexandria became the largest center of ancient books. It was created in the 3rd century BC. e. Ptolemy I and was the center of education of the entire Hellenistic world. The Library of Alexandria was part of the mouse?on (museum) complex. The complex included living rooms, dining rooms, reading rooms, botanical and zoological gardens, an observatory and a library. Later, medical and astronomical instruments, stuffed animals, statues and busts were added and used for teaching. Mouse?on included 200,000 papyri in the Temple (almost all libraries of antiquity were attached to temples) and 700,000 documents in the School. The museum and most of the Library of Alexandria were destroyed around 270 AD. In the Middle Ages, centers of book learning were monastery libraries, which operated scriptoria. There was not only correspondence Holy Bible and the works of the Church Fathers, but also the works of ancient authors. During the Renaissance, Renaissance figures literally hunted for Greek and Latin texts preserved in monasteries. Due to the enormous cost of manuscripts and the laboriousness of their production, books were chained to library shelves. The advent of printing brought about enormous changes in the appearance and activities of libraries, which were now increasingly different from archives. Library collections are beginning to grow rapidly. With the spread of literacy in modern times, the number of library visitors also increases. In total, today there are approximately 130 million book titles in libraries (according to Google). 11/10/2015. 3.

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The first information about the appearance of books in Rus' dates back to approximately the 9th-10th centuries. The creator of the Slavic alphabet and Christian missionary Kirill (Constantine) encountered books written in “Russian script” in Korsun (Chersonese). The first information about the appearance of books in Rus' dates back to approximately the 9th-10th centuries. The creator of the Slavic alphabet and Christian missionary Kirill (Konstantin) encountered books written in “Russian script” in Korsun (Chersonese). All handwritten books were highly valued. The culture itself was accessible to few, books were expensive, since they were made from very expensive material - parchment. From the chronicle it is known that in 988, the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Svyatoslavovich collected the children of noble persons and sent them “to book studies.” Later, the chronicle tells about Yaroslav the Wise, who ordered up to 300 children in Novgorod to “teach with books.” Books and other written monuments in the 10th and 11th centuries were mainly collected in monasteries, church councils of grand dukes and high clergy. All this led to the emergence of the first libraries.

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In 1037, Yaroslav the Wise gathered scribes to translate Greek and copy Slavic books, ordering them to be stored in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv In 1037, Yaroslav the Wise gathered scribes to translate Greek and copy Slavic books, ordering them to be stored in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. The first library in Rus' thus created in subsequent years grew and was enriched with book treasures

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Instead of the word "library" in Ancient Rus' the names “book depository”, “book depository”, etc. were used. Instead of the word “library” in Ancient Rus' the names “book depository”, “book depository”, etc. were used.

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Novgorod preserved the oldest monuments of Russian writing in its St. Sophia Cathedral. Novgorod preserved the oldest monuments of Russian writing in its St. Sophia Cathedral. The library itself was under the supervision of the Novgorod “ruler”. Monks from Russian monasteries came to the library and copied books here. The library can be viewed today. Now it is open in the same place where it was located before - in a long suite of halls. The book collection of the Sofia Library numbered about a thousand handwritten books in leather bindings

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There was an extensive collection of books, not only Russian, but also Greek, in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. By the 12th century, book depositories were in Vladimir, Ryazan, Chernigov, Rostov, Suzdal, Polotsk, Pskov and other cities. At the same time, monastic ones were introduced into Russian monasteries libraries. They were under the supervision of a brother librarian. The brethren, by his order, were to appear at certain hours to read books.” Characteristic feature Such libraries began to combine the functions of creating, using and storing books. Here chronicles were created, books were copied and translated, and their storage and distribution was organized.

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A Sermon on Law and Grace (Metropolitan Hilarion) A Sermon on Law and Grace (Metropolitan Hilarion)

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The word “library” appears for the first time in the famous “Gennadian Bible,” which was translated and rewritten in Novgorod at the very end of the 15th century (1499). This term was unusual for Russian people, so in the margins next to it the translator made an explanation: “book house.” The word “library” was first found in the famous “Gennady Bible,” which was translated and rewritten in Novgorod at the very end of the 15th century (1499). ). This term was unusual for Russian people, so in the margins next to it the translator made an explanation: “book house.” The second time the term was found at the beginning of the 17th century (1602) in the Solovetsky Chronicle, which reported: “A stone chamber was built near the cathedral church in the porch for libraries"

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History of library development

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Library Ancient libraries The first libraries in Rus' The largest libraries in the world
Content

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Ancient libraries
Libraries first appeared in the ancient East. Usually the first library is called a collection of clay tablets, approximately 2500 BC. e., found in the temple of the Babylonian city of Nippur.

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Clay tablets

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In one of the tombs near Egyptian Thebes, a box with papyri from the II transition period (XVIII - XVII centuries BC) was discovered.

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The most famous ancient Eastern library is a collection of cuneiform tablets from the palace of the Assyrian king of the 7th century BC. e. Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.
By order of the king, scribes searched for, collected and copied texts stored in the temple libraries of other states.

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The most famous library in ancient Greece, founded in Alexandria at the beginning of the 3rd century. BC e. at royal dynasty Ptolemies. Ancient scientists counted from 100 thousand to 700 thousand volumes in it.
Books from the Library of Alexandria

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The first library in Rus' was founded in the city of Kyiv in 1037 in the St. Sophia Cathedral by the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise.
The first libraries in Rus'
Yaroslav the Wise

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St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Handwritten text page

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The second largest library was located in Novgorod the Great. The library's book collection was located in the St. Sophia Cathedral and consisted of about a thousand handwritten books in leather bindings and old printed editions.

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In libraries at monasteries, chronicles were created, books were copied and translated, and their storage and distribution was organized.

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The significance of the first libraries, which were educational institutions, book workshops, and “book depositories,” is enormous: they saved and preserved for us the most valuable monuments of antiquity.
The Tale of Bygone Years. 971

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A word about Igor's regiment. 1185
Collection of Svyatoslav 1073
Ostromir Gospel 1056-1057.

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Largest libraries in the world

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British Library is the national library of Great Britain. The law creating it by combining the British Museum library and a number of less significant collections was passed by Parliament in 1972; the new library building in London opened on July 1, 1973. The largest library in the world (the number of items exceeds 150 million).
British Library Great Britain, London.

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Shakespeare's First Folio
Mozart's Musical Diary
Library halls

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US Library of Congress, Washington
The Library of Congress is the national library of the United States, one of the largest libraries in the world. Located in Washington. Is scientific library Congress, serves government agencies, research institutions, academics, private firms and industrial companies, schools. Number of storage units – 145 million.

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Library reading room

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The New York Public Library (NYPL) is one of the largest libraries in the world. It is also one of the largest academic library systems in the world. Is private non-profit organization with a public mission. Number of storage units – 53.1 million.
New York Public Library USA, New York

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Panorama of the Main Reading Room, view to the south.

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Russian State Library. Russia Moscow.

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The Russian State Library (formerly the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin, “Leninka”. Renamed on January 29, 1992) is the largest Russian public library. Created on the basis of the library of the Rumyantsev Museum. Within the walls of the Russian State Library there is a unique collection of domestic and foreign documents in 367 languages; The volume of its fund exceeds 43 million storage units. There are specialized collections of maps, sheet music, sound recordings, rare books, dissertations, newspapers and other types of publications. According to the “Law on the Mandatory Deposit of Documents No. 77-FZ of December 29, 1994” The Russian State Library is the storage place for legal deposit of all printed materials published in Russia

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Archangel Gospel, 1092
Nuremberg Chronicle. Incunabula ed. 1439

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Russian State Library of St. Petersburg
Russian National Library Russia, St. Petersburg.

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Russian National Library (until 1917 - the Imperial Public Library, until 1925 - the Russian Public Library, until March 27, 1992 - the State Public Library (since 1932 - named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin); unofficially - “Publicka”) - one of the first public libraries in Eastern Europe, located in St. Petersburg. According to the decree of the President of Russia, it is a particularly valuable object of national heritage and constitutes the historical and cultural heritage of peoples Russian Federation. One of the largest libraries in the world. Its collections include about 36 million printed works and other information resources available to a wide range of users.

Libraries of antiquity Completed by students of class 2 “B” “Books are compressed time” Marietta Shaginyan

Introduction to ancient history There are many large libraries known that were collected by the rulers of the great ancient states in order to preserve the most valuable information from the knowledge accumulated by previous civilizations for the benefit of future generations. However, the vast majority of books from these archives are now considered irretrievably lost.

What is a library? A library is a cultural, educational and scientific auxiliary institution that organizes the public use of printed works. Libraries systematically collect, store, promote and issue printed works to readers, as well as information and bibliographic work.

The library of Pharaoh Ramses 11 is considered one of the most ancient. It was above its entrance, trimmed in gold, that the inscription “Pharmacy for the Soul” was carved. Founded around 1300 BC. near the city of Thebes, she kept papyrus books in boxes, clay jars, and later in wall niches. They were used by pharaohs, priests, scribes, and officials. They were inaccessible to the common population.

The first libraries appeared in the first millennium BC in the ancient East. According to history, the very first library is considered to be a collection of clay tablets dating back to approximately 2500 BC. BC, discovered in the temple of the Babylonian city of Nippur (present-day Iraq). This collection of books was located in 70 huge rooms and consisted of up to 60 thousand clay tablets, on which texts containing information about religious events (for example, the tale of the Great Flood), lyrics to deities, legends and myths about the emergence of civilization, were recognized. various fables, sayings and proverbs. Each of the books had labels with inscriptions about the content: “Healing”, “History”, “Statistics”, “Cultivation of plants”, “Description of the area” and others.

Library found during excavations in the city of Nippur

Nineveh Fireproof Library The city of Nineveh was still known from the Bible, and was discovered only in 1846 by G. Layard, an English lawyer who accidentally found several tablets from the Nineveh Library. Visitors were greeted by the inscription: “The palace of Ashurbanipal, king of the world, king of Assyria, to whom the great gods gave ears to hear, and open eyes to see, which represents the essence of government. This wedge-shaped letter I wrote on the tiles, I numbered them, I put them in order, I placed them in my palace for the instruction of my subjects."

The library of Nineveh contained on the clay pages of its books everything that was rich in the cultures of Sumer and Akkad. The Books of Clay told the world that the wise mathematicians of Babylon did not limit themselves to four arithmetic operations. They calculated percentages, knew how to measure the area of ​​various geometric shapes, they had their own multiplication table, they knew squaring and extracting square roots. The modern seven-day week was also born in Mesopotamia, where the foundation was laid modern concepts astronomy about the structure and development of celestial bodies. The books were kept in strict order. At the bottom of each plate was the full title of the book, and next to it was the page number. The library also had a catalog in which the title, number of lines, and the branch of knowledge to which the book belonged were recorded. Finding the right book was not difficult: a small clay tag with the name of the department was attached to each shelf - just like in modern libraries.

Library of Nineveh

In ancient Greece, the first public library was founded in Heraclea by the tyrant Clearchus (IV century BC).

The largest and most famous library of antiquity, the Alexandrian library, was founded in the 111th century BC.

Libraries of Ancient Rus' The first library in Rus' was founded in the city of Kyiv in 1037 by the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise. Books for the library were also bought from other countries. The prince placed some of these books in the Church of St. Sophia, founding the first library. The first library in Rus', created in this way in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, grew and was enriched with book treasures in subsequent years.

Library of the Church of St. Pieters (Netherlands)

Library of the monastery in Waldsassen (Germany)

British Museum Library (London)

Conclusion Libraries began to be created by the kings of the ancient kingdoms. Legends tell of amazing libraries Ancient World, such as the library of the Assyrian Kingdom, the Babylonian Kingdom, the Library of Thebes in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman Libraries, the famous Library of Alexandria. Every city has its own library and every country has its own State National Library. And no matter in what form books exist - on papyri or CD-roms - their repositories - libraries - have always been, are and will be needed by humanity!

• Presentation is prepared by

• 6th grade students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 11:

• Petrova Sveta,

• Smirnov Igor,

• Kuzmin Danila,

• Smirnova Polina

• History has not preserved detailed information about ancient libraries, but from the small fragments that modern scientists have, one can get an idea of ​​the most ancient book collections.

It is known that for the first time written works began to be collected in Ancient Egypt, where over 3500 years ago there was a repository of papyri. There were libraries at temples, and the walls of the temple often served as a kind of library catalogue: a list of books (papyrus scrolls) that the temple library had was recorded on them. Usually, at the temple, along with the library, there were schools of scribes and workshops for copying books.

• The most famous ancient Egyptian library belonged to Pharaoh Ramesses II, it was called “Pharmacy for the Soul”.

• A large library was found during excavations in the city of NIPPURA (the territory of modern Iraq) - the ancient religious center of the Sumerians. The temple library was located in 62 rooms, where more than one hundred thousand clay tablets were found.

• Some of the tablets found in Sumerian libraries were kept in closed boxes or baskets. Each of them had labels with inscriptions about the nature of the materials they contain: “Medicine”, “History”, “Statistics”, “Documents relating to the garden”, “Sending workers” and others.

The most famous library of Assyria is a collection of numerous cuneiform tablets found during excavations of the capital of the state of Nineveh in the palace of King Ashurbanipal (669 - 633 BC).

• As a child, the future ruler of Assyria learned to read and write, which he himself told about, not without pride, in one of the clay books. He loved to read and enjoyed collecting books from all over the country. And when he became king, he decided to create a large library

However, it is customary to begin the history of libraries from a later period - from the time of their appearance in Ancient Greece, where the word “LIBRARY” itself arose (“bibliotheke” - “biblion” - book, “teke” - storage, container”). The first mention of libraries in Greece dates back to the 6th century BC. Ancient Greece developed remarkable educational institutions- The Academy, founded by the philosopher Plato, and the school in the Athenian quarter of the Lyceum, which became known as the Lyceum. (These names gave names to academies and lyceums of later centuries). Schools had large libraries for classes, school teachers also collected their personal ones, for example, Aristotle, who lectured at the Academy and Lyceum, collected 40,000 scrolls.

Libraries of Ancient Rus'

• The appearance of libraries in Rus' is associated with the emergence on the territory of our country of the ancient Russian state - Kievan Rus.

The first library of Ancient Rus' known to historians was founded in 1037 by Yaroslav the Wise at the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. In the 11th-12th centuries. libraries appeared at monasteries and cathedrals in Novgorod, Chernigov, Vladimir. In the 15th-17th centuries. In Moscow, the Patriarchal Library, the library of the Ambassadorial and Apothecary Prikaz, palace libraries, private book collections of major boyars appeared, and the libraries of the Trinity-Sergius, Solovetsky, and Belozersky monasteries expanded.

Check yourself:

• Where was the most famous library of antiquity located?

• Dr. Egypt

• Dr. Greece

• Who did it belong to?

• Ramses II

• Cheops

• What books were kept in Ashurbanipal's library?

• Wooden

• Clay

• What are the roots of the word “library”?

• Sumerian

• Greek

• Who and when was the first library of Ancient Rus' founded?

• Yaroslav the Wise - in Kyiv

• Ivan the Terrible - in Moscow

Right

• Back

Wrong

• Back

Main conclusion:

• The entire history of the development of the human mind is connected with books,

• with the library.

• The importance of libraries, which were educational institutions, book workshops, and “book depositories,” is enormous: they saved and preserved for us the most valuable monuments of human culture.

• The history of libraries known to people goes back more than 3.5 thousand years.

• Today, libraries, as in all times, serve people. There are 14 city and more than 20 school libraries in our city. Many libraries are equipped with computers and the Internet.

• Research conducted by the children's library has shown that the number of certificates issued to readers from books and magazines significantly exceeds the number of certificates on digital media.

Sources:

• Glukhov A.G. The fate of ancient libraries. - M., 1992
• Kashurnikova T.M. Miracle. The name of which is a book. – M., 2006
• Encyclopedia for children. T.5. Part 2. Russian history. – M., 1997.