Peruvian Maca powder for potency: does it really work or is it a scam? Opium poppy will be grown again in Russia. Peruvian poppy cultivation.
Maca Peruviana, or Meyen bug(Lepidium meyenii) is a biennial herbaceous plant from the cruciferous family. It is grown for its tubers, which are used as food and raw materials for the manufacture of medicines. Also called maca-maca, maino, ayak chichira and ayak willku in Spanish and Quechuan. Maca tubers are characterized by a wide variety of sizes, shapes and colors. The most commonly cultivated phenotype is cream-colored tubers, which are distinguished by their sweet taste and particularly large size.
Maca has the same high calorie content as wheat and rice. Its tubers contain on average 60-75% carbohydrates, 10-14% protein, 8.5% dietary fiber and 2.2% fat. In addition, it is rich in minerals and trace elements, and is also a valuable source of fatty acids, amino acids and alkamides.
The bulk of harvested maca is usually dried. Fresh tubers can only be obtained near the places where it is grown. In Peru, maca is harvested and consumed in a variety of ways, although it is usually cooked and finely powdered or gelatinized for export. The fresh tubers are used to make a local delicacy called huatia. They are often kneaded and boiled to a thick, sweet paste, which is then dried and mixed with milk. Along with other vegetables, maca is used in empanadas, jams and soups. Flour from its tubers is suitable for baking bread, cakes and pancakes. Beer and the low-alcohol drink chicha de maca are brewed from maca, and liqueur is produced based on its black morphotype. The above-ground parts of the plant are edible, they are used as livestock feed, and salads are prepared from the leaves.
In medicine, maca is used mainly as a general tonic and immunomodulatory agent, to increase performance and endurance, improve memory and eliminate hormonal imbalances. It is famous as an aphrodisiac and helps get rid of erectile dysfunction.
Distribution and ecology
A plant from the high Peruvian Andes, it became a crop more than 3,000 years ago. In ancient times, maca served as a tradeable commodity for exchange for foodstuffs from the plains, such as corn, rice, cassava, quinoa and papaya. Later, its tubers were used to pay taxes to the treasury of the Spanish Empire. Incan warriors ate maca before battle to increase their strength.
Today, vast areas are occupied by poppy plantations in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
Botanical description
In appearance, maca is very similar to radishes and turnips.
Growing
Prefers slightly acidic soil. The soil must be cleared of weeds and debris, and also abundantly fertilized with organic substances such as phosphorus and potassium. In the northern hemisphere, maca seeds are usually planted in March. During growth, plants require coolness and abundant watering.
Lepidium meyenii Walp. or Lepidium gelidum Wedd.
Taxon: Brassica family (Brassicaceae)
Other names: Meyena bug, Peruvian ginseng, Andean Maca
English: Maca, Maca Vibe
Description:
Maca is a herbaceous perennial plant with the size of the vegetative part from 12 to 20 cm. It has a succulent rhizome and short stems pressed to the ground.
The leaves of the plant are rosette-shaped, pinnate and are renewed during the growing season from the center of the rosette. Flower brushes of few colors. The fruit is placed in a pod measuring 4-5 mm, which is divided by a septum into two boat-shaped valves containing the fruit. The fruits themselves are ovoid, 2-2.5 mm, brown in color.
Distribution of Peruvian maca:
Peruvian poppy grows on the high plateaus of Bolivia, Peru and northwestern Argentina at an altitude of 3,500-4,450 meters above sea level. Maca cultivation has been widespread in South America since the Conquest, but has declined over time. In Peru at the beginning of the 21st century, only about 50 hectares were occupied by maca plantings.
The area where Maca is grown is limited to the plateaus of the agro-ecological zone of the central region of the Peruvian Andes, which is located at an altitude of 4000 meters. These plateaus are characterized by sudden drops in temperature, even to the point of frost, even during the growing season of crops. However, Maca easily tolerates these temperature conditions. When Maca is grown in other lands, as was the case in Germany in 1990, the plants do not produce root crops.
Collection and preparation:
Peruvian maca roots are collected and prepared. Dried tubers can be stored for many years.
Chemical composition of Peruvian maca:
The main active components are:
amides of fatty acids (macamide varieties A, B1, B2, C), which help increase potency
mixtures of imidazole alkaloid derivatives - alkaloids (lepidilines A and B) normalize the functions of the urinary and reproductive systems.
thiocyanates (benzyl isothiocyanate, p-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate); glycosinolates - having a preventive antitumor effect.
It is possible that it is in the combined combination of the substances mentioned above, as well as together with microelements and vitamins, that the drug exerts its effective effect on increasing sexual function.
The high content of calcium (258 mg per 100 g) and iron (15.4 mg per 100 g) is the main advantage of this Andean plant. It contains 14% protein and 78% carbohydrates. It is also rich in starch, glycosides, alkaloids and tannins. Protein content can vary from 10 to 14% depending on soil conditions and intraspecific variability.
Pharmacological properties:
Increases the quality of sperm - the active components of the Peruvian maca plant promote the production and improve the quality of sperm: they increase the number of motile sperm, which helps solve the problem of male infertility, and also increase the volume of seminal fluid, which is an indication in the treatment of oligospermia and asthenosospermia.
It has an antitumor effect - thiocyanates and glycosinolates, due to their properties of binding toxins and carcinogens in the liver, help prevent prostate tumors, which is important in poor environmental conditions.
Stimulates sexual function, has aphrodisiac properties (stimulating sexual desire and sexual activity) - the active components of Peruvian maca have a beneficial effect on germ cells. By influencing the nervous system, improving the functions of the prostate gland and hormonal metabolism, they increase sexual desire, erection (with reduced potency), help reduce the refractory pause (time between erections), and restore regular sexual life.
It has a tonic effect on the body - Peruvian poppy increases vitality and sexual energy, endurance of men, increases stress resistance, which is very important in the modern rhythm of life.
Normalizes hormonal imbalance - phytosterols contained in Peruvian poppy, being precursors of sex hormones, regulate their levels in the body.
Restores the functions of the urinary system - reduces dysuric symptoms in men with prostatitis (frequent urge, pain when urinating).
It has an anabolic effect - promotes the accumulation of myoglobin in muscle tissue, increasing muscle strength and physical endurance.
Peruvian Maca has properties that promote mental activity and normalize hormonal imbalances. However, its greatest fame lies in its stimulant (stimulant) properties, as Maca is an aphrodisiac for both men and women. This is due to the fact that the roots of the plant contain alkaloids and steroidal glycosides, which, when combined correctly, increase potency in men and desire in women.
Maca also contains high levels of proteins, amino acids and vitamins, which contribute to its revitalizing effects. Plant preparations are especially effective in old age and are used in geriatric practice.
Application in medicine:
Peruvian Maca has been traditionally used in Indian medicinal practices for more than 2000 years.
The main purpose of preparations from Maca root is the treatment of low libido (including “coldness” and menopause in women) and erectile dysfunction in men (decreased potency). In addition, the drugs are very effective for infertility (oligospermia), since, as studies show, systematic use of Maca drugs significantly increases the number of motile sperm. Recent studies show a positive effect of Maca extracts on prostate function, which leads to their use for prevention.
Peruvian Maca can also be used as a tonic to treat chronic fatigue syndrome. It is also recommended to athletes as an alternative to anabolic steroids for its stimulating properties without affecting the body's hormonal levels.
Medications:
The dry matter is used to prepare tablet forms, which are sought after due to their nutritional value, as well as the prevailing assumption that they stimulate sexual desire and increase fertility.
Maca Vibe, based on Lepidium Meyenii, is available in the form of 850 mg caplets containing 500 mg of dry Maca root. The optimal daily dose of the drug is 1.5 grams (3 caplets). The recommended dose is 3g per day, that is, 6 caplets.
Peruvian maca root powder helps restore a weak immune system, increase energy and stamina, and saturate the body with useful substances in case of poor nutrition. Maca root powder can be simply mixed with hot or cold water, but is best mixed with juice or used to make fruit smoothies or added to foods such as cakes and other baked goods. Recommended daily dose is 5-20 grams. Maca root powder contains over 55 natural chemicals, including important elements that nourish the human body's hormonal system. Most people feel an immediate boost in their mood and energy levels.
Use on the farm:
Peruvian maca is used as a food product. Maki tubers are consumed raw, boiled, fried and dried (to prepare a kind of puree with the addition of milk). To prepare the dishes, dried root vegetables are soaked overnight and then boiled in boiling water until softened. They can be diluted to make juices, smoothies, cereals or jams.
The leaves of the Peruvian maca plant are used to add to tea, but their effect on potency in men is insignificant.
Maca was recommended by local Indians as food for domestic animals who suffered from decreased fertility due to living in the highlands.
Photos and illustrations:
Lepidium meyenii, also known as maca, is a biennial herbaceous plant of the Cruciferous family native to the Andes Mountains of Peru, in the Lake Judin region. It is grown for its fleshy hypocotel (the combined hypocotel and taproot), which is used as a root vegetable and is also used medicinally and is considered. In Spain and among the Quechua Indians, the plant is called maca-maca, maino, ayak chichira and ayak willku.
Description
Peruvian Maca, or Meyen's Bedbug (lat. Lepidium meyenii) is a species of plants from the genus Bedbug of the Brassica family. The root crop of the plant resembles a turnip in appearance. Maca is divided into categories based on the color of the root, which can be red, black, pink or yellow. In general, the color of tubers varies, but the most common and frequently occurring color is yellow. Maca was historically grown in Peru. Maca has been traditionally used all over the world since ancient times. Its effect applies to both men and women. Maca does not work by producing hormones and does not increase testosterone or estrogen in the body. Men use maca to increase semen production. Maca also appears to be a potent suppressor of prostate hypertrophy, improves potency, and has a similar effect to finasteride (an antitumor hormonal drug used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men). Preliminary research also suggests that maca may protect the brain from various harmful effects, improve bone health, and even enhance cognitive abilities in healthy people. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanism of action of maca. Most studies on maca have taken place in Peru, and it takes a very long time to replicate and confirm these studies in other regions. The export of maca is an important component for the Peruvian economy. Also known as: Meyenne ginseng, maca root, Peruvian ginseng.
Maca root may increase sexual desire, but is not a stimulant
Maca root does not have the most pleasant taste, it has an earthy, herbaceous aftertaste; people who use this supplement prefer to use it in capsule form rather than powder
Is:
Testosterone booster
Food additive
Maca instructions for use
The standard dose of maca is 1500-3000 mg. As a supplement, use maca root or maca extract based on water or ethyl acetate. Maca should be taken daily with meals. Traditionally, maca has been treated as a food product rather than a dietary supplement. Animal studies using poppy at dosages of 1,000-2,200 mg/kg body weight have found the following ratio:
10.9-24g poppy seeds for a person weighing about 150 pounds
14.5-32g poppy seeds for a person weighing about 200 pounds
18.1-40g poppy seeds for a person weighing about 250 pounds
Botanical characteristics
The first European to describe this species was Gerard Wolpers, who gave the plant the scientific name Lepidium meyenii in 1843. In the 1990s, Professor Gloria Chacón further separated the different species. She considered that the wild maca, widely cultivated today, was a newly domesticated species, L. peruvianum. Most botanists, however, disagree with this definition and continue to call the cultivated poppy L. meyenii. The Latin name approved by the USDA also agrees with what most scientists believe (i.e., Lepidium meyenii). There is currently ongoing debate regarding the correct nomenclature of the plant, and whether the division between meyenii and peruvianum is botanically correct or whether the plants belong to the same species. In growth, size and proportions, poppy is approximately similar to radishes and turnips, with which it is related in a certain way. The fragrant green tops are short and usually trail along the ground. Thin frilled leaves sprout in rosettes on the soil, growing no more than 12-20 cm in length. During the reproductive stage, leaves show dimorphism. They are more noticeable in the vegetative phase, and are constantly renewed from the beginning as the distant leaves die. The whitish, self-pollinating flowers are found on the central inflorescence. After the flowers, fruits 4–5 mm long are formed, each of which contains two small (2–2.5 mm) reddish-gray ovoid seeds. Maca reproduces only by seeds. Maca mainly reproduces by self-pollination and is an autogamous species. The genome contains 2n=8x=64 chromosomes. Experiments show that maca is a short-day plant. Some sources claim that maca is an annual plant because in favorable years it can go through a full development cycle within one year.
Root
Maca root powder
Maca is the only member of the genus with a fleshy hypocotyl connected to a taproot, forming a rough pear-shaped structure. Plant species vary significantly in the size and shape of the root, which can be triangular, flattened round, spherical or rectangular (the latter form the longest roots). Maca hypocotyl can be gold, cream, red, purple, blue, black or green. Each color variant is genetically determined (the offspring will have roots the same color as the parent plant). Recently, it has been claimed that certain phenotypes (in maca, "phenotype" refers primarily to root color) exhibit specific nutritional and therapeutic properties. The cream-colored roots are especially prized in Peru for their sweet flavor and size. Darker maca roots (red, purple, black) contain significant amounts of natural iodine, which may prevent goiter from developing after consuming lighter maca. Black maca increases energy and stamina, and is both sweet and bitter in taste. Red poppy is also gaining popularity. This type of maca has been shown to reduce prostate size in mice.
Growing conditions
The natural habitat of maquis is a latitude of 11-12ºS and an altitude of 3800–4400 m above sea level. At this altitude, average monthly growing temperatures are -2°C minimum and 13°C maximum. Temperatures, however, can drop to -10°C with frosts. Maca also survives strong winds and sunlight. Today, maca is grown mainly in Peru, the Andes Mountains in Bolivia, and a little in Brazil.
Growing
Maquis seedlings usually germinate a month after sowing at the beginning of the rainy season, in October. During the vegetative phase, from May to June, the lower part of the hypocotyl and the upper part of the taproot increase in size. After 260-280 days, a hypocotyl suitable for consumption is formed. If you leave the root in the soil, it will “fall asleep” for 2-3 months of the cold and dry season, until August. After this, a generative shoot will be formed, on which, five months later, the seeds will ripen. One plant can produce up to a thousand small seeds, 1600 of which will weigh approximately one gram. For further spread, therefore, only a small number of plants are needed. To grow, plants are selected for size and color, then placed 50–100 cm deep with alternating levels of grass and soil to protect them from drying out. Plants are fertilized abundantly. The growing cycle is related to the time of year. The land for growing maca was traditionally prepared by hand. Nowadays machines are also used for this. Maca can only grow in places where no other crops grow. Maca fields are pollinated by livestock, but mechanical pollination methods can be used to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Protection from plants or pesticides is usually not required because maca grows in climates that are not suitable for most plants or pesticides. In Peru, maca is grown organically because the species is rarely attacked by pests. Maca is sometimes grown with potatoes because the plant wards off pesticides that feed on the maca roots. Poppies are harvested by hand, leaving the leaves behind as organic fertilizer. The yield is 15 tons of fresh hypocotyls per hectare of land, which is approximately 5 tons of dry material. According to the Peruvian Ministry of National Economy, the average yield of maca in 2005 averaged only 7 tons/hectare. Although maca is not only grown in the Andes, it is still unclear whether maca grown outside its natural habitat has the same active components and potential. Hypocotyls grown from Peruvian seeds have difficulty forming at low altitudes, in greenhouses or hot climates.
Sources and composition
Sources
The word "maca" refers to the Bedbug of Meyen, which belongs to the genus of the Bedbug and the Cabbage family; belongs to the cruciferous vegetable family such as broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens and mustard greens. Plants most closely related to maca (taxonomically) are rapeseed, mustard, turnip, black mustard, cabbage, watercress and watercress. Maca is traditionally used in the Andean region of Peru in folk medicine to increase vitality and fertility, used by both men and women. In addition, maca is also consumed by animals. Maca is sometimes referred to as Peruvian ginseng, despite the fact that it bears no similarity to Panax ginseng and its family. It is grown exclusively in the Andean region of Peru at an altitude of 4000-4500m above sea level, in conditions of wind, cold and sufficient sunlight. It may be that cold temperatures are more favorable for maca growth; one study noted increased growth rates at low temperatures. Eating poppy can reverse the decrease in spermatogenesis that occurs in this altitude range (in rats). Maca is grown exclusively at one altitude in the region of Peru, where it is traditionally used as a fertility supplement. It belongs to the family of plants such as broccoli and other brassicas. When used as a food product, the bulbous hypocotyls are dried and then eaten in quantities of over 20 g per day, without any side effects. Dried hypocotyls can be stored for many years. Maca is often boiled and drunk as juice; dried hypocotyls are too difficult to chew. Currently, maca is usually used in capsule form. Dried Maca (plant source, no additives) contains:
10.2-16% protein, with some sarcosine (0.70mg/100)
59% carbohydrates
2.2% lipids (of which 40.1% are saturated, and 52.7% unsaturated)
8.5% fiber
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Formulations and variants
Gelatinized maca is made through the gelatinization of starch. Maca powder is heated in water, which creates a set of polymers in solution that increases the absorption and bioavailability of the maca supplement compared to the original powder. At the moment, there are no studies evaluating how this process affects the activity of poppy. However, there is a need for such research as glucosinolates are known to be heat sensitive and the immune effects of maca can be traced to carbohydrate content (biologically active carbohydrates have many of the immune-boosting benefits we see in these plants , like the lacquered tinder fungus and woolly-flowered astragalus). The popular form of maca has not been properly studied, and it is unknown how this process affects the activation of body functions.
Impact on the body
Neurology
Aphrodisia (sexual arousal)
A study examining whether there was a correlation between hormones and aphrodisia from maca consumption failed to find any connection between the two. There were no hormonal surges observed in the study population despite the presence of aphrodisia; this study showed that the mechanisms of maca's effects on aphrodisia are not hormonally mediated. These effects also appear to depend on maca's ability to induce locomotor activity; In a study in rats, maca was shown to improve measures of intromission latency and intercopulatory interval (independent of dose), as well as post-ejaculation latency (dosage up to 75 mg/kg), but there was no apparent correlation with the observed increase in locomotion. The active components can be presented as macamides (lipids), since the lipid extract is bioactive. The mechanisms are independent of the action of the various hormones commonly involved in aphrodisia (testosterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone, etc.) and other neural effects of poppy. A study comparing the effects of maca on rats noted that after consuming 25 or 100 mg/kg of the aqueous extract, a single dose given 30 minutes before sexual activity failed to increase ejaculation rates in rats. Measurements after a week of taking maca showed a trend towards significant improvement, but only within a week, and after 21 days the differences were not statistically significant. Maca root helps to “build up” aphrodisia, effectiveness appears after repeated use. Maca does not affect the time of sexual activity. In healthy men taking 1.5g or 3g of maca daily, self-reported aphrodisia increased by 24.4%, 40%, and 42.2% when taken for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. This study noted that the placebo group experienced a 16.6% increase at week 4, with no change at either week 8 or 12. Effects were also noted in a study of athletes; taking 2 g of maca extract in a 5:1 ratio for 2 weeks resulted in an improvement in sexuality rating scale scores, and a marked improvement in dyadic sexual desire (sexual desire towards others) rather than solitary desire also followed. sexual desire. In men with mild erectile dysfunction, maca (2400 mg) and placebo resulted in significant improvements as measured by the IIEF-5 (Erectile Dysfunction Rating Scale), and the magnitude of the increase with maca was significantly greater than with placebo; Maca turned out to be more powerful compared to other drugs. An outpatient study of maca root in depressed patients (17 women, 3 men) over a period of 10 months (sufficient for consideration as an antidepressant for induced sexual dysfunction), using 1.5 g or 3 g of maca daily, over 12 weeks, noted that according to the MGH-SFQ and ASEX questionnaires, there was significant improvement in both groups, with high-dose maca being more effective. According to one survey (ASEX), libido levels improved markedly and an increase in sexual pleasure was also reported. Studies of the general population reveal statistical significance across different populations.
Anxiety and depression
In female rats undergoing a forced swim test, maca at a dose of 1g/kg exhibited antidepressant effects, reducing immobility by 76.4-87.4% of baseline. This study also noted that while yellow and red maca had antidepressant effects, black maca was slightly more effective. The authors of one study suggested that maca may have anxiolytic effects due to positive test results (in mice). Reductions in depression and anxiety were noted in postmenopausal women taking 3.5 g of maca per day for 6 weeks, as assessed by the Green's Menopausal Scale. Studies examining the effects of poppy on humans have found that this supplement can reduce anxiety and depression.
Memory and learning
A comparative study of ovariectomized female rats given 1g/kg of maca in all three forms (red, yellow and black) found improvements in cognition using a water-finding task, with black maca being shown to be superior to other options. A similar task was used in a study of black poppy to reveal the neuroprotective effect of poppy against scopolamine. The protective effects of poppy were found to be marginally superior to placebo. There is a trend towards improved cognitive performance in normal healthy rats, but it is not very significant and the mechanisms of this effect are unknown. In a study administering scopolamine (which induces acetylcholinesterase), maca was found to suppress the increase in AChE levels, and was not significantly different from placebo, but was able to reduce the increase in menopausal pain in rats. No effect on monoamine oxidase activity was found.
Neuroprotection
An in vitro test of neurons isolated from crayfish cells noted that maca exhibited dose-dependent protection against hydrogen peroxide when neurons were pretreated with maca 3 hours before application of H2O2, this pentane extract of maca had an EC50 of approximately 2.8 µg/ml and exhibited 88% protection when using a dose of 30 mcg/ml. In an in vivo trial, a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight reduced ischemic infarction (a measure of protection) by up to 58.6%; higher doses (10, 30 mg/kg) actually worsened the damage. A study conducted using different dosages (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg) of black maca in combating the effects of alcohol-induced memory impairment when administered orally for 28 days noted that all doses black poppies were able to reverse the increase in escape latency (the time it takes mice to exit a maze) when using alcohol. Protection against the effects of scopolamine was observed with the use of black maca, in this study using both aqueous (0.5, 2 g/kg) and hydroalcoholic (0.25, 1 g) extracts of maca for 35 days. Before testing, test mice were injected with the acetylcholinergic toxin scopolamine. It has been demonstrated that maca can prevent scopolamine-induced decline in performance (testing mice to independently find their way out of a maze), regardless of extract or dosage; lower doses of each extract were more effective. Black maca is a potent neuroprotector compared to other ecotypes and has greater neuroprotective effects; The reasons for this have not been thoroughly studied at present.
Cardiovascular diseases
Blood pressure
One study shows that maca may help lower blood pressure through ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitory effects in a dose-dependent manner, with the heat-treated extract being superior to the crude extract. A preliminary toxicology study found that taking 0.6 g of maca daily caused a small but significant increase in diastolic blood pressure. The effects of maca on the cardiovascular system have not yet been thoroughly studied.
Interaction with glucose metabolism
Absorption
Maca has been tested for its ability to inhibit the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine. In vitro studies have shown that toasted or raw maca extracts do not inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Raw maca inhibits α-glucosidase in the range of 20-40% (rather weakly), and α-amylase (approximately 10%), while toasted maca does not inhibit α-amylase. These results did not correlate with the polyphenol content of poppy seeds, which was very low.
Research
A rat study using maca at 1% of food weight in animals with inherited high triglyceride levels (which was worsened by a sucrose-rich diet for two weeks) noted that maca could reduce plasma LDL cholesterol levels. ), as well as triglyceride and glucose levels (secondary to triglyceride reduction). In the present study, rosiglitazone 0.02% was used as the active supplement for the control group and was superior to maca. Overall, there is no solid information about the effects of maca on glucose metabolism.
Maca in bodybuilding
Aerobic performance
A study involving 8 experienced cyclists, without changes to their diet or training routine, found that a high dose of maca (2g in extract in a 5:1 ratio; bioactivity 10g) consumed over 2 weeks was associated with a significant reduction in test time to completion of the test from 57.62 +/- 3.14 min to 56.56 +/- 2.68 min (1.84% decrease) when compared with the baseline result. In the group where athletes were given a placebo, no statistically significant results were observed. When comparing the performance of placebo and maca against baseline, no significant differences were observed. Currently, there is only weak evidence to evaluate the effects of poppy on physical activity. Preliminary results do not suggest significant benefits.
Immunology and inflammatory processes
Research
One comparative study was conducted using a mixture of different types of maca (1500 mg) with 300 mg Uncaria pubis versus 1500 mg glucosamine sulfate. Although the use of both drugs was associated with significant rates of improvement, the herbal mixture was less effective (participants were given paracetamol, which they took if joint pain was not relieved by treatment). This study was sponsored by a company that produces a mixture of different types of poppy.
Interaction with hormones
Testosterone
1.5 g and 3 g of maca for 12 weeks failed to increase circulating testosterone levels in healthy men. These same doses were used in a 12-week study of other men and there was an increase in self-reported aphrodisia, which reached 24.4%, 40% and 42.2% with maca, at weeks 4, 8 and 12 (respectively ), and placebo in men did not cause an increase at 8 and 12 weeks; this increase in aphrodisia was independent of testosterone levels, which did not differ between groups. Androgenic effects or increases in testosterone are not observed in postmenopausal women taking 3.5 g of maca per day for 6 weeks. Maca does not have significant androgenic interactions beyond circulating testosterone, and this study did not note any interaction of maca components with androgen receptors. No studies to date have established the ability of maca or its components to increase testosterone levels. A rat study using lead to induce testicular damage noted that 2.2 g of maca extract (boiled hypocotyls) preserved spermatogenesis but did not prevent lead-induced decline in testosterone levels. A similar dose of 2 g/kg, comparable to the traditional dose of maca, also failed to affect testosterone levels in healthy rats. Research notes a single case of increased testosterone levels in a woman taking maca was associated with a testing failure; later, a test showed normal testosterone levels.
Estrogen
1.5 g or 3 g of maca per day for 12 weeks did not affect circulating estrogen levels in healthy men, and these results were observed in other studies using similar doses and follow-up, as well as in postmenopausal women using 3.5 g maca per day for 6 weeks. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that maca works by increasing estrogen levels in vivo. One study using MCF-7 breast cancer cells (an estrogen-responsive cell line) noted that maca supplementation at 0.1-100µg/ml could induce proliferation and promote estrogenicity at concentrations of 100-200µg/ml. but this concentration was less potent than the physiological concentration of estrogen; the effect was comparable to milk thistle. Estrogenic effects were observed in vivo when ovariectomized rats were given 0.24 g/kg ethanolic extract of maca (equivalent to 1.25 g/kg maca root extract), where uterine weight at 28 weeks was 121.9% of control weight . Another study using lower doses of three types of maca over 4 weeks failed to detect estrogenic effects. Estrogenic effects were also not observed in other in vitro tests. Some evidence suggests that maca acts directly as a phytoestrogen, but the evidence is currently mixed and the practical relevance of this information is unknown.
Follicle stimulating hormone
In a 12-week, double-blind study using maca at 1.5 g or 3 g given in three divided doses, and 1.5 g as a single dose in men, there was no difference over time. Also, no significant effect of maca on follicle-stimulating hormone has been demonstrated; similar results were obtained in postmenopausal women taking 3.5 g of maca per day for 6 weeks.
Luteinizing hormone
In a 12-week study of healthy men using 1.5 g or 3 g of maca daily, there was no significant effect of maca on circulating luteinizing hormone levels at 4, 8, or 12 weeks. There was also no effect observed with 3.5 g per day for 6 weeks in postmenopausal women.
Interactions with bone metabolism
In a study of ovariectomized (menopausal) female rats given 0.096 or 0.24 g/kg ethanolic extract of maca (0.5 and 1.25 g/kg dry root extract, respectively) for 28 weeks, it was noted that that a dose of 0.096 g / kg allows maintaining bone mineral density, compared with the control group (usually insignificant), and a dose of 0.24 g / kg helps to increase the content, with an increased diameter of the femur, while normalizing bone mineral density relative to control group. It is possible that these effects are secondary to the action of estrogens. This study noted an increase in uterine weight in ovariectomized rats when using maca at a dose of 0.24 g/kg.
Interaction with organ systems
Liver
In vitro, methanolic and aqueous extracts of maca do not affect the function of hepatocytes at a concentration of 0.1-10 µg/ml, and when incubated for a long period of time (72 hours) help reduce the leakage of LDH and AAT to 61.2% and 55.6%; accordingly, with concentrations greater than 1 μg/mL, the protection of LDH leakage was significantly improved. However, this study contradicts preliminary toxicological data on human exposure, where the only adverse effect was observed with the use of 0.6 g of maca daily for 90 days, which contributed to a slight increase in serum AAT levels. The reason for this discrepancy is most likely not due to oxidation, since maca has relatively weak antioxidant properties, and diphenylpecrylhydrazyl (DPHR) analysis showed that water and methanol extract had an EC50 value of 3.46 +/- 0.16 mg/ml and 0.71 + /- 0.10mg/ml, respectively. Maca causes an increase in liver superoxide dismutase levels as well as an increase in decreased serum gluthione levels, without changes in serum lipid peroxidation markers. The effects of maca on the liver have not been fully studied.
Prostate
Red maca may suppress prostate enlargement, while black and yellow varieties are ineffective. In this study of rats, when given a dosage of 2 g/kg aqueous extract of red poppy per day for a week, a decrease in ventral prostate weight was observed compared to baseline. Within 14 and 42 days, maca normalized prostate enlargement following testosterone injection. The increase in seed mass was also suppressed. The active ingredient in maca may be benzyl glucosinolate, the peak effects of red maca in the first study (determined by HPLC) coincided with these components, and the latest study found a decrease in prostate size when testing benzyl glucosinolates at concentrations of 0.02-0.08 mg/ml. A decrease in prostate size was also observed when coadministered with 0.1 mg oral glucosinolate for 14 days (although this study did not find a complete reversal of enlargement). This study also noted that extracts containing 0.1 mg benzyl glucosinolate (the exact amount of extract was not reported) were more effective in suppressing prostate enlargement than 0.1 mg finasteride, without affecting seminal vesicle weight (contrary to the results observed previously from 2g/kg). A second study was conducted using red maca using finasteride as a control and dose-response was confirmed in rats using red maca (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 g/kg), with At a dose of 0.1 g/kg, this relationship was already statistically significant. The second part of the study using 0.6 mg/kg finasteride showed that red maca at 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg (0.64% benzyl glucosinolate) was more effective in suppressing prostate growth without affecting seminal vesicle weight . According to the manufacturers, the mechanism of action depends on the conversion of dehydrosterone. There was no increase in testosterone levels in these rats using maca, which is typically seen with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride or fenugreek, indicating no interaction at the level of the 5-AR enzyme. Promising results from red poppy indicate that it is as potent as finasteride in reducing prostate size (a biomarker for prostate cancer risk); however, the studies need to be replicated outside of Peru (production and export of red maca may be similar to the case of policosanol in Cuba) and conducted in human subjects. The effect of benzyl glucosinolate (the active ingredient in prostate growth suppression) on spermatogenesis is unknown, the above studies suggest that it plays no role but passively allows testosterone to affect seminal vesicle size. The only other plant that expresses benzyl glucosinolate, Tropaeolum tuberosum (nasturtium), is known to suppress spermatogenesis (although a causal relationship in identifying the active ingredient has not been established). Some manufacturers suspect that polyphenols may play a role, but this has not been determined at this time. Benzyl glucosinolate is the systemic name for the glucosinolate known as Glucotropaolin, which accounts for 80-90% of the total glucosinolates. Surprisingly, glucatropaolin content does not differ significantly between poppy ecotypes. One study found the content to be 81.37%, 80.30% and 80.25% for red, yellow and black poppy, respectively. In addition, red maca has been found to be able to suppress the increase in zinc levels in the prostate, which facilitates the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT); this study also showed a strong correlation between zinc levels and prostate size, although the correlation coefficient was 0.76. Although red maca causes a reduction in prostate size more than other types of maca, this mechanism does not appear to be related to benzyl glucosinolate content, as this content does not differ significantly between ecotypes; perhaps a currently unknown molecule facilitates this process (or the Peruvian studies were imprecise).
Male gonad
In a lead-induced testicular injury study where rats were fed lead for 35 days and maca was administered on day 18, it was shown that 2.2 g/kg maca per day (boiled hypocotyl extract) caused an attenuation of testicular weight loss. vesicle observed with lead exposure, maintaining the weight of the testis. Regarding spermatogenesis, black maca has been reported to have more beneficial effects on spermatogenesis. Yellow and red maca caused an increase in daily sperm production, but sometimes did not reach statistical significance. A comparative study of various black maca extracts over 7 days noted that ethyl acetate was most effective in increasing daily sperm production, while chloroform extract was found to increase sperm count in the vas deferens. Overall, both were equally effective in increasing epididymal sperm count. In general, improvements in sperm production are observed on day 1 of supplementation in rats, and increases in sperm count can be seen regardless of increases in daily sperm production. These increases in daily sperm production appear to be associated with an increase in the onset of spermatogenesis. Maca can also reverse the suppression of spermatogenesis and the decline in sperm count, even with lead exposure, which is associated with the persistence of reduced levels of spermatogenesis caused by the surge. This finding may be an explanation why maca has such an impressive history of use, and why production occurs exclusively at altitudes of 4000-4500m above sea level, while this study was conducted at an altitude of 4340m. Maca is generally considered a testicular protectant, while black maca is the most effective at increasing sperm production (and theoretically, fertility).
Safety and overdose
General
During the history of human consumption of maca root, no significant cases of overdose have been reported. One study reported that 0.6g of maca for 90 days increased serum ALT levels and diastolic blood pressure. When rats consumed up to 5g/kg body weight, no side effects were observed. In human trials of maca in doses up to 3g per day, this dosage has been shown to be well tolerated, and the traditional method of boiling up to 20g of maca to create juice has also not been associated with overdose. Poppy has virtually no toxicological contraindications.
Pregnancy
Currently, the only research on the effects of maca in pregnant women is one study conducted in mice, using 1 g/kg lyophilized maca (2.16 g/kg dry weight), correlating with traditional consumed doses, and taken before and shortly after fertilization. There was an increase in the number of individuals born once to a female, without affecting gender indicators and the viability of the offspring. This was independent of embryo implantation rate, fertility index, or pup survival. There is no evidence of safety in humans, but there are no adverse reports either. It is currently not known whether this supplement is safe during pregnancy or not, but it appears to be very promising in enhancing female fertility (based on animal studies).
Usage
Health effects
Maca is used as food for humans and animals, so the risk from its consumption is believed to be relatively minimal. Maca is considered safe to eat like other vegetables; however, maca contains glucosinolates, which can cause goiter when consumed in large quantities in a diet low in iodine. However, darker maca roots (red, purple or black) contain significant amounts of natural iodine, and a 10-gram serving of dry maca contains 52 mg of iodine. Although foods containing high levels of glucosinolate commonly cause goiter, there is no definitive evidence as to whether maca causes this disease.
Marketing potential
Due to its purported effects on sexuality, commercial and scientific interest in maca has increased significantly over the past few decades. The 1990s saw rapid growth in maquis cultivation. As demand increased, so did the price. However, due to the exaggerated expectations of sellers, the supply turned out to be too high, and in 2000, maca prices fell again. Marketing research shows that consumers who have never tried maca before do not rate its taste very highly. This creates barriers to further promotion of the product as a vegetable. The economic interest thus lies in the medicinal use of maca root.
Description
Maca peruviana(Latin name "Lepidium meyenii") is a unique medicinal plant of the genus Bedbug, of the cabbage family. In appearance, the poppy resembles a small turnip of yellow, cream or red color.
Compound
A chemical analysis of the plant, made in 1981, showed that the Peruvian poppy contains a high content of specific essential oils that have stimulating properties. In addition, maca root contains arginine, tyrosine, histidine and phenylalanine. These substances are responsible for the production of sex hormones in the body. Maca leaves contain high levels of iodine and glycosinolates, which have an antitumor effect. In addition, Peruvian maca contains vitamins A and B, as well as beneficial minerals such as calcium, magnesium and iron.
Properties
Clinical trials conducted among men of different ages have shown that maca extract increases libido, improves sperm quality and normalizes hormonal balance. However, no trials have yet been conducted that would show the positive effect of using the plant in the treatment of infertility. But if you believe the many thousands of experience of using maca by Indians, then we can say with confidence that the plant also helps with infertility. From a scientific point of view, this is quite possible, because often the cause of infertility is hormonal imbalance, which is successfully combated with the help of maca extracts. All these beneficial qualities have led to the fact that Peruvian maca began to be grown along with other agricultural crops. The plant was especially popular during the Conquest. However, gradually the demand for maca fell, and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, only fifty hectares were used for growing the plant in Peru.
Application
Peruvian maca is a rather rare plant that can only be found in South America. Most often it grows on the high mountain slopes of Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Moreover, at an altitude below three and a half thousand meters above sea level, it is almost impossible to find poppy.
Maca peruviana has been used by Andean people for many centuries. Maca root has an energizing effect and can also be used as a strong aphrodisiac. Warriors of the Inca Empire often consumed maca before battles in order to increase strength and endurance. There was also a legend that the Incas had unprecedented male strength. Conquistadors even called Peruvian maca “the healing herb of the Incas.” Among other things, Indian shamans used this plant not only as an aphrodisiac, but also as a medicine in the treatment of infertility, both in humans and animals. When the Spaniards arrived in South America, they discovered that the livestock they brought with them reproduced very poorly in high mountain conditions. Then the conquistadors spied on the Indians what they fed their domestic animals. It turned out that shamans regularly give their cattle tubers of an inconspicuous mountain plant. Soon the Spaniards did the same. The effect was so stunning that the Indians were forced to pay tribute to the Peruvian maca. Spanish records dating back to the eighteenth century state that the Spaniards harvested nine tons of the plant per year.
But maca was used by the Indians not only as an aphrodisiac and energy drink. It was often consumed as a regular vegetable along with potatoes or corn. Maca roots are eaten dried or boiled. They are also ground into powder and added to warm milk, thus creating a kind of puree. Maca powder and ground grains are used as flour. Maca leaves are added to salads. Maca baked over a fire is considered a special delicacy among the Andean people. In addition, maca root is cut into small pieces, mixed with sugar and placed in a warm place. As a result, fermentation begins, which lasts for several weeks, after which the mixture is filtered, and the resulting liquid is consumed as an alcoholic drink called “Chichi de Maca.”
The scientific world learned about this amazing plant only in 1831. Maca was discovered and described by the German botanist Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen, who studied the flora of Peru and other countries of South America. In honor of him, the poppy received its scientific name. Soon this Peruvian aphrodisiac became known outside America.
Peruvian maca is a powdered exotic root vegetable that was brought from Latin America. For 2 thousand years, this plant was used by the Incas to increase male potency and fertility. That is why it is popularly called “turnip for sex.”
Purpose of Peruvian maca
The healing potion is used to increase potency and combat numerous ailments. Thanks to its composition rich in vitamins and microelements, it:
Stabilizes the functioning of the genitourinary system;
Increases potency in men and women;
Acts as an aphrodisiac, causing sexual desire;
Promotes rapid conception as it increases sperm activity;
Replenishes energy during physical and mental exhaustion of the body;
Regulates the production of cortisol (stress hormone) and helps overcome insomnia.
The powdered root vegetable is not only for men. It is also indispensable for women, especially after the age of 40. Helps relieve unpleasant symptoms of menopause, improves the menstrual cycle and protects bones from fragility. In addition, it is recommended for consumption by women with low libido.
Maca for erection
Peruvian maca is especially useful for men, as it eliminates erectile dysfunction. Due to the huge zinc content, it makes the erection lasting, ensuring the quality of sexual life. Additionally, maca powder:
Increases testosterone content in the male body;
Forms high activity of spermatozoa (after a 2-week course of treatment);
Promotes hormone balance;
Reduces the risk of getting prostate cancer;
Fights genitourinary infections.
How can I take the drug?
There are many ways to use Peruvian maca powder. It is mainly added to food or drinks. They prepare chocolate cocktails, mix them into juices, and roll out special “energy” candies.
As a rule, taking the drug starts with 0.5-1 teaspoon per day. Be sure to stop using it for a day every 5 days. The course is designed for a long period - 2-3 months. Maca root is also recommended for athletes. Before exercise, you should take a teaspoon of the healing potion to ensure endurance and increase activity during training. Also, do not forget to take the powder before the expected intimacy. You will feel an irresistible sexual desire for your partner, you will be able to enjoy long-lasting sex and give real pleasure to your soulmate. If you have problems with your heart and blood vessels, consult your doctor before taking Peruvian maca.
Give yourself and your partner true pleasure during intimacy. Hurry up to order the Peruvian maca preparation! When you buy 3 large packages, the 4th, weighing 100 g, comes as a gift!