Pioneers - Heroes of the Great Patriotic War (20 photos). Marat with his sister Ariadna
At the very beginning of its existence, the Soviet government made efforts to attract young people to its ideology. Already in 1917, the Bolsheviks began to attract scout organizations. However, over time, it became obvious that pre-revolutionary organizations, even those sympathizing with socialist ideology, could not become the basis of a mass children's organization. Work began on a new type of children's and youth organization - Pioneer.
The origins of the pioneer movement
In 1917 - 1919 in Soviet Russia there were several scattered scout troops and organizations that demonstrated loyalty to the new government. Some of them acted under the patronage of the Komsomol. Companion Vera Bonch-Bruevich proposed uniting all scout organizations into a union of Yukists (young communists). For some time, Yukist detachments actually operated under her patronage, but in 1919 the Komsomol ordered the dissolution of all scout organizations. The decision to liquidate the scout movement did not mean that the Bolsheviks abandoned the idea of a universal children's organization. However, the new community was to be formed not by initiative from below, like the Scouts, but according to a scheme previously approved by the government.
Preparations for the creation of Pioneer
In 1921, work began on a project for a universal children's organization. This process was coordinated by Nadezhda Krupskaya. It was she who came up with the idea of creating an organization “scouting in form and communist in content.” Instead of the name scouts, a new one was chosen - pioneers. This word was also borrowed from scout terminology. Pioneering among scouts was a special type of training, during which they learned to survive far from civilization with a minimum of equipment.
During 1921 - 1922, the uniform and greeting of the pioneers were developed. The pioneer motto is “Be prepared!” - "Always ready!" - was borrowed from the scouts without changes. The uniform of the pioneers and its colors were slightly changed. Instead of dominant Green colour white and blue colors for clothes and red for a pioneer tie.
Creation of the Pioneers and the first pioneer detachments
On February 2, 1922, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the RSFSR sent a letter to its local organizations with instructions on the creation of pioneer cells. On February 13 of the same year, Komsomol member Mikhail Stremyakov organized the first pioneer squad in Moscow. In March 1922, the Komsomol developed a charter new organization, and on May 18, the V Komsomol Congress proclaimed the creation All-Russian organization"Young Pioneers named after Spartak." Six months after the formation of the Pioneers, it was proclaimed. This is how the pioneer movement became all-Union. In 1924, the pioneers were named after Lenin.
Pioneer activities
Formally, pioneer organizations were voluntary associations of children under Komsomol cells. In fact, by the mid-20s. Pioneer membership became universal, and pioneer structures merged with the secondary school system. The pioneer detachments coincided with the classes, and the squads coincided with the school. Pioneer leaders became full-time employees of secondary schools. At the same time, the Pioneer organization had its own property: Pioneer Palaces and holiday camps.
The Pioneers organized the collection of recyclable materials (scrap metal and waste paper), patronage of the elderly, sports competitions and military sports games. Analogues of the pioneer organization existed in all countries of the socialist camp. And they all disappeared with the collapse of the socialist system. In the USSR, Pioneerism existed until September 28, 1991. On this day, the extraordinary congress of the Komsomol decided to liquidate the Komsomol and the pioneer organization. Their property was nationalized.
Do you know the meaning of the word "pioneer"? How did it come about? Who do they call that? We will answer these and other questions in the article. Pioneers are called pioneers, initiators. This was also the name given to a military position or a private in the engineering forces of the Armed Forces. Russian Empire in the 18th-19th centuries and some modern countries(for example, Germany).
When pronouncing the word “pioneer,” a person can mean either a sapper of the Armed Forces of the German states, or a soldier engaged in the construction of earthen fortifications, building bridges, digging ditches, leveling roads, and so on. This is also the name given to participants in the pioneer movement - communist children's formations in the USSR and other socialist states, created according to the standards of scouting activities.
Meaning
According to Efremova, a pioneer is someone who for the first time made his way to a new, unexplored area or country and began to develop it. This is the name given to someone who laid the foundations for something new in the field of culture, science or other field of activity. Efremova also believes that pioneers are both members of the communist children's formation and soldiers of the engineer units of the engineering troops. Ozhegov and Ushakov represent the same meanings of this word. And Dahl’s dictionary indicates that previously there were also mounted pioneers.
Origin
So what does “pioneer” mean? The Russian-speaking population borrowed this word from French V early XVIII century and began to use it in the meaning of “infantry warrior”. Over time, this interpretation became a thing of history, and the word “pioneer” began to be used to describe pioneers - people who paved new paths.
When it ended October Revolution In 1917, pioneer children's groups began to be created in Russia, whose participants wanted to be the first in everything. They are their social activities wanted to pave the “path to a radiant tomorrow.”
First units
Pioneers... Who are they? The name day of the All-Russian Pioneer is May 19, 1922. It was on this day at the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Congress that it was decided to create pioneer detachments throughout the country. The famous organization has been named after V.I. Lenin since 1924. In 1925, the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda” began to be published in the state, which was often affectionately called “Pionerka”.
The first detachments of red tie workers operated under Komsomol formations in factories and institutions, participated in community cleanups, helped eliminate illiteracy, and fight child homelessness. Since the 1920s. these organizations began to be created in educational institutions. In each school there was a pioneer squad, and in the class there was a detachment. Almost every 9-10 year old child could become a pioneer. At the initiation ceremony, the children took an oath and pledged to “live, fight and study, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches.”
Pioneer is a symbol of the Soviet era. He wore a red tie (as a sign of a revolutionary badge with the motto "Always Ready!" and images of a fire flame, Lenin's profile and five-pointed star. Great place The activities of the red-tie children were focused on defense and military work: circles of orderlies, young shooters, and signalmen were founded, and army sports games were held.
Movement
Do you know that a pioneer is an example for everyone? During the Second World War, Timurov's mass movement, named after the hero of the story “Timur and His Team,” written by A.P. Gaidar. The pioneers, just like the characters in the work, helped the disabled, the families of front-line soldiers, and the elderly. In the post-war period, Timur's men patronized the old Bolsheviks, collected waste paper and scrap metal in the winter, medicinal herbs in the summer, helped war veterans, and worked in the harvest.
The country had a system of Palaces (houses) of pioneers with various types clubs (technical, sports, artistic) and pioneer camps where children vacationed in the summer. Mandatory attributes of the life of the latter institutions were bonfires and songs, evening and morning lines (formation of all detachments), raising and lowering of the flag, gatherings of red-necked men (meetings dedicated to various patriotic themes). The pioneer camps “Orlyonok” and “Artek”, which were located on the Black Sea coast, were considered the best. Pioneer age ended at 14 years old, and many children joined the Komsomol.
Disappearance
So, we have already found out that a pioneer is a reliable comrade. Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, this amazing organization almost completed its work. In today's Russia there are pioneer detachments, but they are small in number and not particularly popular among children. In the 1990s. some public formations tried to replace the disappeared movement with an organization of scouts that operated in pre-revolutionary Russia, but this also did not bring any results.
Journalism
Today many people ask what a pioneer is. The definition of this word has been forgotten by many. Nevertheless, many songs and books were written about the Red Ties of the USSR, films were made, most of which have no artistic value. It should be noted that the audience really liked the comedy about the pioneer camp “Welcome, or No Strangers Entry!”
In modern speech, especially among older people, you can sometimes hear the phrase “like a pioneer (pioneer),” that is, “to do something in a disciplined, obedient manner.” And the expression “Always ready!” means agreement and willingness to do something. In Soviet journalism, the red-necked people were called young Leninists (adherents of V.I. Lenin).
Tie
Through children's formation, new personnel were forged for the Soviet country. Some children were forbidden by their parents to become pioneers, but they still joined the organization. They had to hide their ties from their moms and dads. In the USSR, almost all children were pioneers. First, the baby entered school and was accepted into the October class, after which he proudly wore a star with a portrait of a curly, fair-haired boy on his chest.
When the child turned 9 years old, his candidacy was approved at a detachment meeting, and then he was initiated into the pioneers. And finally, at the end of his studies, as “the final stage in the development of the student’s personality,” he was awarded
Every pioneer was required to wear a pioneer tie. It could be made of any fabric, but it had to be red. The schoolchildren knew how to tie it with a special knot. If a child came to school with a crumpled, hastily tied tie, or without one at all, it was considered a disgrace. A pioneer always had to be neat, tidy and wear the symbols of his organization with honor.
What do the three ends of a tie represent? They point to the unbreakable unity of three generations: communists, pioneers and Komsomol members. In some countries, the red scarf movement exists without much change (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).
Heroes
Soviet pioneers who accomplished feats during their education Soviet power, WWII, are called heroes.
Their images were actively used in the USSR as examples high morality and morality. In 1954, an official list of pioneer heroes was created, and the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer named after V.I. Lenin was compiled, to which the Books of Honor of local red-tie formations were added.
War time
What are the pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War famous for? Already in the first days of the battles for the Brest Fortress, 14-year-old Klypa Petya, a student of a musical platoon, distinguished himself. Many pioneers fought the Nazis in partisan detachments, where they served as scouts and saboteurs, and also carried out underground activities.
Among the young partisans, Volodya Dubinin, Marat Kazei, Lenya Golikov, Zhora Antonenko, and Valya Kotik are very famous. All of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who exploded in a mine. Each of them, except for the over-aged Lenya Golikov, was 13-14 years old at the time of his death.
Very often, schoolchildren fought as part of army units (the so-called “daughters and sons of regiments” - Valentin Kataev’s story “Son of the Regiment” is known).
The pioneers of the Great Patriotic War showed their best qualities in battles. So, 15-year-old Chekmak Vilor costs own life saved partisan detachment Sevastopol. The boy had a bad heart, he was young, but in 1941, in August, he went into the forest with the partisans. He was on patrol on November 10, so he was the first to see the approaching punitive detachment. Vilor warned the partisans of the threat with a flare and alone took the fight to the Nazis. When he ran out of ammunition, he waited until the enemies came closer to him and blew himself up with the Nazis with a grenade. Vilor was buried in the cemetery of WWII veterans in the village of Dergachi, near Sevastopol.
What else did the great pioneers do? They served as cabin boys on warships, worked in factories in the Soviet rear, replacing adults who had gone to the front, and took part in civil defense.
At the Obol station (Vitebsk region), the Komsomol underground organization “Young Avengers” was created. It included the pioneer Zina Portnova, who joined the Komsomol underground, was executed by the Nazis and awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union posthumously.
Tens of thousands of young fighters were awarded for military merits:
- The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to: Yuliy Kantemirov, Volodya Dubinin, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
- Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Tolya Shumov, Volodya Treasurers, Lenya Golikov, ;
- Order of the Red Star - Samorukha Volodya, Efremov Shura, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (twice);
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Valery Volkov, Petya Klypa, Sasha Kovalev.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Second World War,” over 15,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad,” and over 20,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Moscow.”
Five pioneers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Lenya Golikov, Valya Kotik, Marat Kazei, Zina Portnova, Alexander Chekalin. Many young combatants died on the battlefield or were executed by the Germans. Many children’s names were included in the “Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer named after V.I. Lenin” and elevated to the rank of “pioneer heroes.”
History of the All-Union Pioneer Organization
At the end of 1921, the Central Committee of the RKSM created special commission to develop a program and principles for the activities of a new children's organization. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya took direct part in the work of the commission. One of the ideologists of scouting I.N. Zhukov, who sought to embody the positive aspects of the scouting movement in the children's organization, proposed the motto “Be prepared!”
May 19, 1922- The 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere.
October 1922- The 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments organized in different cities of Russia into the children's communist organization "Young Pioneers named after Spartak."
January 21, 1924- By the decision of the Komsomol Central Committee, the pioneer organization was named after V.I. Lenin.
March 1926- The pioneer organization became known as the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I.Lenin.
The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, and institutions; participated in community cleanups, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
1923- Outposts and bases began to be created in schools - associations of pioneers of a given school, regardless of their place of residence. There were up to 75 thousand pioneers in the pioneer organization.
Late 1930s- The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization according to the so-called school principle has been completed: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad. Military-defense work began in pioneer groups; circles for young shooters, orderlies, and signalmen were created, and military sports games were held.
1941-1945- A massive Timur movement has unfolded throughout the country, the emergence of which is associated with the name of the writer Arkady Gaidar and his story “Timur and His Team.”
Young pioneers helped the families of front-line soldiers, collected medicinal herbs, scrap metal, funds for tank columns, were on duty in hospitals, worked in the harvest. For the courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, pioneers Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals.
1962- All-Union Pioneer Organization for great job on communist education of children and in connection with the 40th anniversary she was awarded the Order of Lenin.
1970- In the World Pioneer Organization there were over 118 thousand squads, uniting 23 million pioneers. Over the entire existence of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, more than 210 million people have been in its ranks.
After “perestroika,” the All-Union Pioneer Organization abandoned its political overtones, adopting a new motto: “For the Motherland, goodness and justice.”
Mid 1980s- Attempts were made to reform the pioneer organization, but a children's and youth organization was not created on the same scale.
October 1990- The successor of the pioneer organization - “Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Unions” - an international voluntary independent union uniting children's public organizations, associations and other public associations formed with the participation of children and in their interests.
The Union of Pioneer Organizations was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992 as a non-state public organization, independent of political parties and movements.
Symbols and rituals in the pioneer organization
Pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to the pioneer organization, a piece of the banner of the pioneer organization. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable connection of three generations: communists, Komsomol members, and pioneers. The tie was tied with a special knot. The chairman of the squad had a red tie with a yellow border. In the pre-war years, one of the attributes of the pioneer uniform was a special clip that fastened the ends of the pioneer tie. This attribute was desirable, but not required. The symbolism of the clamp is interesting. Five logs of fire mean five continents. Three flames - Comintern (3rd International). The disappearance of clamps from use in the post-war years has several reasons. First of all, this is the dissolution of the Comintern itself, in the flames of which the logs of the continents burn (accordingly, the symbolism lost its meaning). This was also facilitated by the mass psychosis that engulfed the broad masses of pioneers in the late thirties. It suddenly seemed to someone that in the flames of a fire, upon careful examination, one could find everything - from a Nazi swastika to Trotsky’s profile.
Pioneer badge was described in the Regulations on children's communist groups named after Spartak (the old name of the pioneers) dated August 28, 1923: the red waving flag depicts a hammer and sickle, a burning fire, and the motto “Be ready!”
On December 14, 1925, a second version of the badge appeared (Lenin’s mausoleum was added to it). In 1927, an image of Lenin appeared on the badge. In 1934, the badge was changed again - the motto changed to "Always ready!" In September 1942, the badge took the form of a five-pointed star, with a fire in the center and the motto “Always ready!” In 1944, instead of a fire, a hammer and sickle appeared in the center of the star, and three flames began to be depicted above the star. In 1962, the last example of the badge was adopted: in the center of the five-pointed star is Lenin’s profile, below it is the motto “Always Ready!”, and above the star there are three tongues of flame. There were pioneer squad badges - red with the image of a pioneer badge.
Firework- greeting the pioneers. A hand raised just above his head demonstrated that the pioneer put public interests above personal interests.
The pioneer gave salutes while in and out of formation: during the performance of the “Internationale”, the Anthem of the Soviet Union and hymns union republics, when responding to the pioneer motto, at the command “Alignment to the banner!”, “Alignment to the flag!”, at the Mausoleum, at the monuments to V.I. Lenin and monuments and obelisks to fallen heroes. When submitting a report, when changing the guard at the banner, when declaring gratitude before the formation, awarding, when receiving the Red Banner, squad flag or pioneer attributes, welcoming the military and pioneer formation. At the parade, line, passing by the stands, the pioneers carried out the command “Attention!” with alignment to the right or left. During the greeting of the leaders of the pioneer organization, the honorary pioneers, the salute was given only by the senior counselor leading the column, the chairman of the squad council, squad leaders, chairmen of squad councils, and assistants at the banner.
Pioneer Banner- a red banner on which the pioneer badge and the motto “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” were depicted. Two Orders of Lenin were pinned to the main banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. Even the pioneer detachments had banners (at the everyday level this is a school class) - red with a pioneer badge, the number of the detachment and the honorary name of the detachment.
Squad flag was a symbol of honor and cohesion of the pioneers, a sign of their belonging to a specific pioneer group. With the detachment flag, the pioneers went out to training camps, parades, holidays, hikes, excursions, and work activities. On the march, the flag leader walked directly behind the leader and the chairman of the detachment council, ahead of the bugler and drummer. At a Sunday or tourist stop, the flag was installed or fixed in a visible place.
Flag had to be able to carry out the following commands: “Be equal!”, “At attention!”, “At ease!”, “March!” The flag was stored in the pioneer room next to the squad banner. Horns and drums were usually kept here.
The names pioneer bugle and drum appeared almost simultaneously with the word “pioneer”. The history of these musical instruments is as great as the history of mankind. But there's more to it than just musical instruments. The sounds of the bugle and drum are a call to the pioneers, to their unity, to their activities aimed at protecting the Motherland, serving good, and seeking and establishing justice.
Horn called the pioneers with the signals: “Listen, everyone,” “Gathering,” “To the banner,” “March,” “To the line,” “Alarm,” and some others. The detachment's bugler - this was a responsible pioneer assignment; he had to be able to perform drill techniques with a bugle and give signals: “Listen everyone,” “Gathering,” “To the banner,” “March,” “To the line,” “Alarm,” and some others. On the pioneer line, the place of the bugler was on the right flank of the formation next to the drummer, in the column of the detachment - behind the flag.
Drum accompanied the formation during campaigns, processions, and parades. The drummer of the detachment (he, like the bugler, was elected by the assembly or council of the detachment) had to be able to perform drill techniques, perform the “March”, “Fraction”.
All these symbols and rituals were borrowed by the organizers from scouting, as well as the division into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, in the pioneer badge, three flames of a fire replaced the three petals of a scout badge, 3 ends of a tie began to mean 3 generations - pioneers, Komsomol members and communists, etc.).
Oath was pronounced by everyone joining the ranks of the organization.
It sounded like this: “I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love my Motherland; live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; Always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
Law of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union All pioneers had to know it by heart.
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland.
A pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the October.
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
In the fall of 1918, a children's organization of young communists (YuKov) was created, but a year later it was dissolved. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months; during the experiment, pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, and the name of the new organization was adopted - the Spartak Young Pioneer Units. On May 7, 1922, the first Pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky Forest in Moscow.
Pioneers of the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, or, more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. Social hierarchy: October - Pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and teenagers, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society and how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was extremely low compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in organizing children's leisure.
