An organelle is a permanent formation in a cell that performs specific functions. They are also called organelles. An organelle is what allows a cell to live. Just as animals and humans are made up of organs, so every cell is made up of organelles. They are diverse and perform all the functions that ensure the life of the cell: metabolism, storage, and division.

What types of organelles are there?

An organelle is a complex structure. Some of them may even have their own DNA and RNA. All cells contain mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, the cell center, the Golgi apparatus (complex), endoplasmic reticulum(reticulum). Plants also have specific cellular organelles: vacuoles and plastids. Some also classify microtubules and microfilaments as organelles.

An organelle is a ribosome, a vacuole, a cell center, and many others. Let's take a closer look at the structure and functions of organelles.

Mitochondria

These organelles provide the cell with energy - they are responsible for They are found in plants, animals, and fungi. These cellular organelles have two membranes: external and internal, between which there is an intermembrane space. What is inside the shells is called the matrix. It contains a variety of enzymes - substances necessary to accelerate chemical reactions. The inner membrane has folds called cristae. It is on them that the process of cellular respiration occurs. In addition, the mitochondrial matrix contains mitochondrial DNA(mDNA) and mRNA, as well as ribosomes, almost similar to those possessed

Ribosome

This organelle is responsible for the translation process, in which protein is synthesized from individual amino acids. The structure of the ribosome organelle is simpler than mitochondria - it does not have membranes. This organelle consists of two parts (subunits) - small and large. When the ribosome is inactive, they are separated, and when it begins to synthesize protein, they unite. Several ribosomes can also come together if the polypeptide chain synthesized by them is very long. This structure is called a "polyribosome".

Lysosomes

The functions of organelles of this type are limited to cellular digestion. Lysosomes have one membrane, inside which there are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. Sometimes these organelles not only break down but also digest entire organelles. This can happen during prolonged starvation of the cell and allows it to live for some time. Although if nutrients still do not begin to flow, the cell dies.

and functions

This organelle consists of two parts - centrioles. These are cylinder-shaped formations consisting of microtubules. The cell center is a very important organelle. It is involved in the process of spindle formation. In addition, it is the center of microtubule organization.

Golgi apparatus

It is a complex of disc-shaped membrane sacs called cisternae. The functions of this organelle include sorting, storing and converting certain substances. Carbohydrates, which are part of the glycocalyx, are synthesized here mainly.

Structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

It is a network of tubes and pockets surrounded by a single membrane. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: smooth and rough. Ribosomes are located on the surface of the latter. Smooth and rough reticulum perform different functions. The first is responsible for the synthesis of hormones, storage and conversion of carbohydrates. In addition, the rudiments of vacuoles, organelles characteristic of plant cells, are formed in it. The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on its surface, which produce a polypeptide chain of amino acids. Then it enters the endoplasmic reticulum, and here a certain secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure (chain) is formed in the right way twists).

Vacuoles

These are organelles. They have one membrane. Cell sap accumulates in them. The vacuole is necessary to maintain turgor. It also participates in the process of osmosis. In addition, there are They are found mainly in single-celled organisms living in bodies of water, and serve as pumps that pump out excess fluid from the cell.

Plastids: varieties, structure and functions

These are also organelles. They are of three types: leucoplasts, chromoplasts and chloroplasts. The first ones are used to store spare parts. nutrients, mostly starch. Chromoplasts contain various pigments. Thanks to them, the petals of plants are multi-colored. The body needs this primarily in order to attract pollinating insects.

Chloroplasts are the most important plastids. The largest amount of them is found in the leaves and stems of plants. They are responsible for photosynthesis - a chain of chemical reactions during which inorganic substances the body receives organic. These organelles have two membranes. The matrix of chloroplasts is called "stroma". It contains plastid DNA, RNA, enzymes, and starch inclusions. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids, coin-shaped membrane formations. Photosynthesis occurs inside them. It also contains chlorophyll, which serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions. The thylakoids of chloroplasts are combined into stacks - grana. The organelles also contain lamellae, which connect individual thylakoids and provide communication between them.

Organelles of movement

They are characteristic mainly of unicellular organisms. These include flagella and cilia. The former are present in euglena, trypanosomes, and chlamydomonas. Flagella are also present in animal sperm. Ciliates and other single-celled organisms have cilia.

Microtubules

They ensure the transport of substances, as well as the constant shape of the cell. Some scientists do not classify microtubules as organelles.

Cell organelles, also known as organelles, are specialized structures of the cell itself, responsible for various important and vital functions. Why “organelles” after all? It’s just that here these cell components are compared with the organs of a multicellular organism.

What organelles make up the cell?

Also, sometimes organelles mean only the permanent structures of the cell that are located in it. For the same reason, the cell nucleus and its nucleolus are not called organelles, just as cilia and flagella are not organelles. But the organelles that make up the cell include: complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, lysosomes. In fact, these are the main organelles of the cell.

If we're talking about about animal cells, their organelles also include centrioles and microfibrils. But the number of organelles of a plant cell still includes only plastids characteristic of plants. In general, the composition of organelles in cells can differ significantly depending on the type of cell itself.

Drawing of the structure of a cell, including its organelles.

Double membrane cell organelles

Also in biology, there is such a phenomenon as double-membrane cell organelles, these include mitochondria and plastids. Below we will describe their inherent functions, as well as all other main organelles.

Functions of cell organelles

Now let us briefly describe the main functions of animal cell organelles. So:

• The plasma membrane is a thin film around the cell consisting of lipids and proteins. A very important organelle that transports water, minerals and organic substances into the cell, removes harmful waste products and protects the cell.
• Cytoplasm is the internal semi-liquid environment of the cell. Provides communication between the nucleus and organelles.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is also a network of channels in the cytoplasm. Takes an active part in the synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and is involved in the transport of nutrients.
• Mitochondria are organelles in which organic substances are oxidized and ATP molecules are synthesized with the participation of enzymes. Essentially, mitochondria are a cell organelle that synthesizes energy.
• Plastids (chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts) - as we mentioned above, are found exclusively in plant cells, in general their presence is main feature plant organism. Play a very important function, for example, chloroplasts containing green pigment chlorophyll, in plants, is responsible for the phenomenon.
• The Golgi complex is a system of cavities delimited from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Carry out the synthesis of fats and carbohydrates on the membrane.
• Lysosomes are bodies separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. The special enzymes they contain accelerate the breakdown of complex molecules. The lysosome is also an organelle that ensures protein assembly in cells.
• - cavities in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, a place of accumulation of reserve nutrients; they regulate the water content in the cell.

In general, all organelles are important, because they regulate the life of the cell.

Basic cell organelles, video

And finally, a thematic video about cell organelles.

A cell, especially a eukaryotic one, is a complex open system. Parts of this system, performing different functions, ensure its integrity. The functionality of organelles is interconnected and is aimed at maintaining cell integrity and resistance to destructive effects environment, cell development, its division.

Below in table form are the functions of the main organelles of a eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane organelles. The functions of the latter are performed by invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane on which enzymes are located. Follow the links to obtain more detailed information about the structure and functions of cellular organelles.

• Control of biochemical processes in a cell through the expression of certain genes
• Doubling of genetic information before division
• RNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal subunits

Hyaloplasma(cytoplasm without organelles and inclusions):

• Environment for many biochemical reactions to occur
• The movement of hyaloplasm ensures the movement of organelles and substances
• Unites parts of the cell into a single whole

Cell membrane - cytoplasmic membrane(Structure of the cell membrane, Functions of the cell membrane):

• Barrier function - separates the internal contents of the cell from the external environment
• Transport function; provides, among other things, selective transport of substances
• An enzymatic function performed by many protein molecules and complexes embedded in the membrane
• Receptor function
• Phago- and pinocytosis (in a number of cells)

Functions cell wall(Structure and functions of the cell wall):

• Frame function
• Prevents stretching and tearing
• Determines the shape of cells
• Transport function: the cell wall forms xylem vessels, tracheids, sieve tubes
• The membranes of all cells provide support for the plant and play a kind of skeleton role.
• Sometimes a place of nutrient storage

• Synthesis of polypeptide chains by ensuring communication between molecules of mRNA, tRNA, etc., which occupy “their” places in the ribosome.

• The energy station of the cell is the synthesis of ATP molecules due to redox reactions; This consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

• Photosynthesis is the synthesis of organic substances from inorganic ones using light energy. This absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.

Endoplasmic reticulum(Structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum):

• The ER membrane is the attachment site for a significant part of the ribosomes that synthesize polypeptides; After synthesis, the protein ends up in the EPS channels, where its maturation occurs.
• The synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates occurs in the ER channels
• Transport of substances to the Golgi complex

• “Maturation” (modification) of substances synthesized in the cell
• Taking them outside the cell
• Construction cell membrane
• Lysosome formation

• Breakdown of nutrients entering the cell
• Destruction of cell organelles unnecessary
• Autolysis (self-destruction) of cells

Functions peroxisomes:

• Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to cells, into oxygen and water.

Functions cell center(Structure of the cell center):

• Formation of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis
• Formation of microtubules, basal bodies of flagella and cilia

Cell structure and functions of its organs

Cell life cycle

Regular changes in the structural and functional characteristics of a cell over time constitute the content of the cell’s life cycle (cell cycle). The cell cycle is the period of a cell's existence from the moment of its formation by dividing the mother cell until its own division or death.

An important component of the cell cycle is the mitotic (proliferative) cycle - a complex of interconnected and time-coordinated events that occur in the process of preparing a cell for division and during division itself. Besides, in life cycle includes the period when a cell of a multicellular organism performs specific functions, as well as periods of rest. During periods of rest, the immediate fate of the cell is not determined: it can either begin preparation for mitosis, or begin specialization in a certain functional direction (Fig. 2.10).

The duration of the mitotic cycle for most cells ranges from 10 to 50 hours. The duration of the cycle is regulated by changing the duration of all its periods. In mammals, the time of mitosis is 1-1.5 hours, the 02-period of interphase is 2-5 hours, and the S-period of interphase is 6-10 hours.

The biological significance of the mitotic cycle is that it ensures the continuity of chromosomes in a number of cell generations, the formation of cells equivalent in volume and content of hereditary information. Thus, the cycle is a universal mechanism for reproducing the cellular organization of the eukaryotic type in individual development.

The main events of the mitotic cycle are the reduplication (self-duplication) of the hereditary material of the mother cell and the even distribution of this material between daughter cells. These events are accompanied by natural changes in the chemical and morphological organization of chromosomes - nuclear structures in which more than 90% of the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is concentrated (the main part of the extranuclear DNA of an animal cell is located in mitochondria). Chromosomes, in interaction with extrachromosomal mechanisms, provide: a) storage of genetic information, b) use of this information to create and maintain cellular organization, c) regulation of the reading of hereditary information, d) doubling (self-copying) of genetic material, e) transfer of it from the mother cell to daughter cells .

Metabolism- entry of substances into the cell, their absorption and excretion of waste products. Substances from the external environment enter through the cytoplasmic membrane and are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum channels or directly through the hyaloplasm to the cell organelles and nucleus. Their further transformations occur under the influence of numerous enzymes that are synthesized in the cell on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Metabolism and energy conversion in the cell. Enzymes, their role in metabolic reactions.

1. Metabolism is a set of chemical reactions in a cell: splitting (energy metabolism) and synthesis (plastic metabolism). The dependence of cell life on the continuous flow of substances from the external environment into the cell and the release of metabolic products from the cell into external environment. Metabolism is the main sign of life.

2. Functions of cellular metabolism: 1) providing cell building material necessary for education cellular structures; 2) supplying the cell with energy, which is used for vital processes (synthesis of substances, their transport, etc.).

3. Energy metabolism- oxidation of organic substances (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and synthesis of energy-rich ATP molecules due to the released energy.

4. Plastic metabolism - synthesis of protein molecules from amino acids, polysaccharides from monosaccharides, fats from glycerol and fatty acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, the use of energy released in the process of energy metabolism for these reactions.

5. Enzymatic nature of metabolic reactions. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions in a cell. Enzymes are mostly proteins, some of them have a non-protein part (for example, vitamins). Enzyme molecules are significantly larger than the molecules of the substance on which they act. The active center of an enzyme, its correspondence to the structure of the molecule of the substance on which it acts.

6. A variety of enzymes, their localization in a certain order on cell membranes and in the cytoplasm. Such localization ensures a sequence of reactions.

7. High activity and specificity of enzyme action: acceleration of one or a group of similar reactions by hundreds and thousands of times by each enzyme. Conditions for the action of enzymes: a certain temperature, medium reaction (pH), salt concentration. Changes in environmental conditions, for example pH, cause disruption of the enzyme structure, a decrease in its activity, and termination of action.

Mitochondria and plastids have their own circular DNA and small ribosomes, through which they make part of their own proteins (semi-autonomous organelles).

Mitochondria take part in (the oxidation of organic substances) - they supply ATP (energy) for the life of the cell, and are the “energy stations of the cell.”

Non-membrane organelles

Ribosomes- these are organelles that deal with... Consist of two subunits, each chemical composition– from ribosomal RNA and proteins. The subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus. Some of the ribosomes are attached to the EPS; this EPS is called rough (granular).

Cell center consists of two centrioles that form the spindle during cell division - mitosis and meiosis.

Cilia, flagella serve for movement.

Choose the one that suits you best correct option. The cell cytoplasm contains
1) protein threads
2) cilia and flagella
3) mitochondria
4) cell center and lysosomes

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the functions and organelles of cells: 1) ribosomes, 2) chloroplasts. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) located on the granular ER
B) protein synthesis
B) photosynthesis
D) consist of two subunits
D) consist of grana with thylakoids
E) form a polysome

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the structure of the cell organelle and the organelle: 1) Golgi apparatus, 2) chloroplast. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) double membrane organelle
B) has its own DNA
B) has a secretory apparatus
D) consists of a membrane, bubbles, tanks
D) consists of thylakoids grana and stroma
E) single-membrane organelle

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles of the cell: 1) chloroplast, 2) endoplasmic reticulum. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a system of tubules formed by a membrane
B) the organelle is formed by two membranes
B) transports substances
D) synthesizes primary organic matter
D) includes thylakoids

Answer

1. Choose one, the most correct option. Single-membrane cell components -
1) chloroplasts
2) vacuoles
3) cell center
4) ribosomes

Answer

2. Select three options. Which cell organelles are separated from the cytoplasm by a single membrane?
1) Golgi complex
2) mitochondria
3) lysosome
4) endoplasmic reticulum
5) chloroplast
6) ribosome

Answer

All of the following features, except two, can be used to describe the structural features and functioning of ribosomes. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) consist of triplets of microtubules
2) participate in the process of protein biosynthesis
3) form the spindle
4) formed by protein and RNA
5) consist of two subunits

Answer

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Select double membrane organelles:
1) lysosome
2) ribosome
3) mitochondria
4) Golgi apparatus
5) chloroplast

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Plant cell organelles are double-membrane.
1) chromoplasts
2) centrioles
3) leucoplasts
4) ribosomes
5) mitochondria
6) vacuoles

Answer

NUCLEUS1-MITOCHONDRIA1-RIBOSOME1
Analyze the table. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided:
1) core
2) ribosome
3) protein biosynthesis
4) cytoplasm
5) oxidative phosphorylation
6) transcription
7) lysosome

Answer

MITOCHONDRIA2-CHROMOSOME1-RIBOSOME2

Analyze the table “Structures of a eukaryotic cell.” For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) glycolysis
2) chloroplasts
3) broadcast
4) mitochondria
5) transcription
6) core
7) cytoplasm
8) cell center

Answer

LYSOSOME1-RIBOSOME3-CHLOROPLAST1


1) Golgi complex
2) synthesis of carbohydrates
3) single membrane
4) starch hydrolysis
5) lysosome
6) non-membrane

Answer

LYSOSOME2-CHLOROPLAST2-RIBOSOME4

Analyze the table. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
1) double membrane
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) protein biosynthesis
4) cell center
5) non-membrane
6) biosynthesis of carbohydrates
7) single membrane
8) lysosome

Answer

LYSOSOME3-AG1-CHLOROPLAST3
Analyze the table “Cell Structures”. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) glycolysis
2) lysosome
3) protein biosynthesis
4) mitochondria
5) photosynthesis
6) core
7) cytoplasm
8) cell center

Answer

CHLOROPLAST4-AG2-RIBOSOME5

Analyze the table “Cell Structures”. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) glucose oxidation
2) ribosome
3) splitting of polymers
4) chloroplast
5) protein synthesis
6) core
7) cytoplasm
8) spindle formation

Answer

AG3-MITOCHONDRIA3-LYSOSOME4

Analyze the table “Cell Organelles”. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) chloroplast
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) cytoplasm
4) karyoplasm
5) Golgi apparatus
6) biological oxidation
7) transport of substances in the cell
8) glucose synthesis

Answer

1. Select two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Cytoplasm performs a number of functions in a cell:
1) communicates between the nucleus and organelles
2) acts as a matrix for the synthesis of carbohydrates
3) serves as the location of the nucleus and organelles
4) transmits hereditary information
5) serves as the location of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

Answer

2. Identify two true statements from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Occurs in the cytoplasm
1) synthesis of ribosomal proteins
2) glucose biosynthesis
3) insulin synthesis
4) oxidation of organic substances to inorganic ones
5) synthesis of ATP molecules

Answer

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Select non-membrane organelles:
1) mitochondria
2) ribosome
3) core
4) microtubule
5) Golgi apparatus

Answer

The following features, except two, are used to describe the functions of the cell organelle depicted. Identify two characteristics that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) serves as an energy station
2) breaks down biopolymers into monomers
3) provides packaging of substances from the cell
4) synthesizes and accumulates ATP molecules
5) participates in biological oxidation

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the structure of the organelle and its type: 1) cell center, 2) ribosome
A) consists of two perpendicularly located cylinders
B) consists of two subunits
B) formed by microtubules
D) contains proteins that ensure the movement of chromosomes
D) contains proteins and nucleic acid

Answer

Establish the sequence of structures in a eukaryotic plant cell (starting from the outside)
1) plasma membrane
2) cell wall
3) core
4) cytoplasm
5) chromosomes

Answer

Choose three options. How are mitochondria different from lysosomes?
1) have outer and inner membranes
2) have numerous outgrowths - cristae
3) participate in the processes of energy release
4) in them, pyruvic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water
5) in them biopolymers are broken down into monomers
6) participate in metabolism

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of a cell organelle and its type: 1) mitochondria, 2) lysosome. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) single-membrane organelle
B) internal contents - matrix

D) the presence of cristae
D) semi-autonomous organelle

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles of the cell: 1) mitochondria, 2) lysosome. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) hydrolytic cleavage of biopolymers
B) oxidative phosphorylation
B) single-membrane organelle
D) the presence of cristae
D) formation of a digestive vacuole in animals

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the feature and the cell organelle for which it is characteristic: 1) lysosome, 2) mitochondria. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of two membranes
B) accumulation of energy in ATP
B) the presence of hydrolytic enzymes
D) digestion of cell organelles
D) formation of digestive vacuoles in protozoa
E) breakdown of organic substances to carbon dioxide and water

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the cell organelle: 1) cell center, 2) contractile vacuole, 3) mitochondria. Write numbers 1-3 in the correct order.
A) participates in cell division
B) ATP synthesis
B) release of excess fluid
D) “cellular respiration”
D) maintaining a constant cell volume
E) participates in the development of flagella and cilia

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the name of organelles and the presence or absence of a cell membrane: 1) membranous, 2) non-membrane. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) vacuoles
B) lysosomes
B) cell center
D) ribosomes
D) plastids
E) Golgi apparatus

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between cell organelles and their groups: 1) membrane, 2) non-membrane. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
B) centrioles
D) Golgi apparatus
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) microtubules

Answer

3. Which three of the listed organelles are membranous?
1) lysosomes
2) centrioles
3) ribosomes
4) microtubules
5) vacuoles
6) leucoplasts

Answer

1. All but two of the cell structures listed below do not contain DNA. Identify two cell structures that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) ribosomes
2) Golgi complex
3) cell center
4) mitochondria
5) plastids

Answer

Answer

3. Choose two correct answers out of five. In what structures of eukaryotic cells are DNA molecules localized?
1) cytoplasm
2) core
3) mitochondria
4) ribosomes
5) lysosomes

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Where in the cell are there ribosomes, except for the ER?
1) in the centrioles of the cell center
2) in the Golgi apparatus
3) in mitochondria
4) in lysosomes

Answer

What are the features of the structure and functions of ribosomes? Choose the three correct options.
1) have one membrane
2) consist of DNA molecules
3) break down organic substances
4) consist of large and small particles
5) participate in the process of protein biosynthesis
6) consist of RNA and protein

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The structure of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell includes
1) chromatin
2) cell center
3) Golgi apparatus
4) nucleolus
5) cytoplasm
6) karyoplasm

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What processes occur in the cell nucleus?
1) formation of the spindle
2) formation of lysosomes
3) doubling of DNA molecules
4) synthesis of mRNA molecules
5) formation of mitochondria
6) formation of ribosomal subunits

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the cell organelle and the type of structure to which it is classified: 1) single-membrane, 2) double-membrane. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) lysosome
B) chloroplast
B) mitochondria
D) EPS
D) Golgi apparatus

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles: 1) chloroplast, 2) mitochondria. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of stacks of grains
B) synthesis of carbohydrates
B) dissimilation reactions
D) transport of electrons excited by photons
D) synthesis of organic substances from inorganic ones
E) the presence of numerous cristae

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, can be used to describe the cell organelle shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) single-membrane organelle
2) contains fragments of ribosomes
3) the shell is riddled with pores
4) contains DNA molecules
5) contains mitochondria

Answer

The terms listed below, except two, are used to characterize the cell organelle, indicated in the figure by a question mark. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) membrane organelle
2) replication
3) chromosome divergence
4) centrioles
5) spindle

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of a cell organelle and its type: 1) cell center, 2) endoplasmic reticulum. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) transports organic substances
B) forms a spindle
B) consists of two centrioles
D) single-membrane organelle
D) contains ribosomes
E) non-membrane organelle

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles of the cell: 1) nucleus, 2) mitochondria. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the order they correspond to the numbers.
A) closed DNA molecule
B) oxidative enzymes on cristae
B) internal contents - karyoplasm
D) linear chromosomes
D) the presence of chromatin in interphase
E) folded inner membrane

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles of cells: 1) nucleus, 2) mitochondria. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) is the site of ATP synthesis
B) is responsible for storing the genetic information of the cell
B) contains circular DNA
D) has cristae
D) has one or more nucleoli

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organelles of the cell: 1) lysosome, 2) ribosome. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) consists of two subunits
B) is a single-membrane structure
B) participates in the synthesis of the polypeptide chain
D) contains hydrolytic enzymes
D) located on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
E) converts polymers into monomers

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and cellular organelles: 1) mitochondria, 2) ribosome. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) non-membrane organelle
B) presence of own DNA
B) function - protein biosynthesis
D) consists of large and small subunits
D) the presence of cristae
E) semi-autonomous organelle

Answer

All of the features listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell structure shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) consists of RNA and proteins
2) consists of three subunits
3) synthesized in hyaloplasm
4) carries out protein synthesis
5) can attach to the EPS membrane

Answer

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