Schwann and Schleiden cell theory presentation. Presentation topic: cell theory

Cytology –

• cell science.

• (from the Greek “kytos” - cell, “logos” - science)

• Cell structure.
• Chemical composition of cells.
• Functions inside cellular structures.
• Functions of cells in the body.
• Cell reproduction and development.
• Adaptations of cells to the environment.

• Mid-17th century – Robert Hooke
• examining a thin section of the cork under a microscope, I saw cells
• (called them cells).

• Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

• Drawing by R. Hooke

• 1680 –
• Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
• discovered single-celled organisms.

• A. Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• 1831 –
• Robert Brown
• discovered and described the nucleus of plant cells.

• Robert Brown (1773-1858)

• Ser. XIX century –
• Matthias Schleiden:
• studied plant cells;
• examined the role of the nucleus in the life and development of plants;
• proposed the theory of creating new cells from old ones.

• Matthias Schleiden
• (1804-1881)

• Ser. XIX century –
• Theodor Schwann:
• Studied animal cells.
• Having compared M. Schleiden’s data with his own, he came to the conclusion that plants and animals consist of cells.
• Formulated the basic principles of cell theory.

• Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)

• 1838-1839 – cell theory.
• The creators of the cell theory are considered
• Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden.
• All organisms, both plant and animal, are made up of cells.
• Plant and animal cells are similar in structure.

• T. Schwann

• M. Schleiden

• All organisms consist of the same parts - cells; they are formed and grow according to the same laws.
• The general principle of development for the elementary parts of the body is cell formation.
• Each cell within certain boundaries is a kind of independent whole. But these individuals act together so that a harmonious whole emerges. All tissues are made up of cells.
• The processes occurring in plant cells can be reduced to the following:
• the emergence of new cells;
• increase in cell size;
• transformation of cellular contents and thickening of the cell wall.

• T. Schwann and M. Schleiden mistakenly believed that cells in the body arise through new formation from primary non-cellular substance.

• 1858-1859 –
• Rudolf Virchow
• formulated the proposition that “every cell comes from another cell...”
• “Where a cell arises, it must be preceded by a cell...”

• Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

• Omnis cellula a cellula.

• 1840 -
• Jan Purkinė
• proposed the term "protoplasm" to refer to the living contents of a cell.

• Jan Evangelista Purkinė
• (1784-1896)

• 1858 –
• Karl Baer
• discovered the mammalian egg and established that all multicellular organisms begin their development from one cell - the zygote.
• The cell is not only a unit of structure, but also a unit of development of all living organisms.

• Karl Baer (1792-1876)

• 1876 ​​–
• the cell center was opened.

• Alexander Flemming (1843-1905)

• 1898 –
• The Golgi apparatus was discovered.

• Camillo Golgi
• (1844-1926)

• 1933 –
• the electron microscope was invented.
• All cell organelles were studied.

• The cell is the basic unit of structure and development of all living organisms, the smallest unit of living things.
• The cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in structure, chemical composition, vital activity and metabolism.

• Cells reproduce by dividing them; each new cell is formed as a result of the division of the original (mother) cell.
• In complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in the function they perform and form tissues; tissues consist of organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to nervous and humoral regulatory systems.

• Light microscopy.

• Electron microscopy.

• Centrifugation.
• Chopped tissues with destroyed cell membranes are placed in test tubes and rotated in a centrifuge at high speed. Different cell organelles sediment in a test tube at different centrifugation speeds. They are isolated and examined.

• In medicine- to unravel the causes of diseases.
• To classify living organisms.
• Organisms
• In genetics.
• To reveal the secrets of evolution.
• etc.

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Cytology is the science of cells. Cell theory Biology lesson in 10th grade. Teacher T.V. Gavrilova

2 slide

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Lesson plan History of cytology Cell theory of M. Schleiden and T. Schwann Modern cell theory Methods of cytology

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In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, examining a section of the bark of a cork oak tree under the microscope he improved, saw formations resembling honeycomb. Describing what he saw, Hooke used the word “kell”, which in English means “chamber”, “cell”. The term was translated into Russian as CELL. That's why we use the term cell thanks to Robert Hooke. Although now we know that he saw not the cells themselves, but their cell walls. Microscope R. Hooke Cork sections Robert Hooke

4 slide

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In the period from 1676 to 1719, Hooke's contemporary, the Dutch merchant Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, gained fame as a scientist and gave science greatest discovery. He improved Hooke's microscope and created lenses that gave magnification of 100-300 times and opened the world of single-celled organisms. Leeuwenhoek wrote “Oh eureka! People, what do I see! In this small drop of water I met the whole world small living creatures. A world that is difficult to understand and explain." These little animals were very funny, they tumbled, jumped, frolicked and were very happy in life. And the shape of the “animals” was quite cute: balls, spirals, sticks, sometimes spinning one at a time, sometimes 2-3 at a time, in a dance that was understandable only to them. A. Leeuwenhoek also discovered spermatozoa. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Single cells under the microscope

5 slide

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The Russian naturalist Karl Baer (1792-1876), one of the founders of embryology, studied the embryonic development of animals. In 1826 he discovered mammalian eggs. In 1831, Scottish botanist Robert Brown first described the nucleus in a plant cell. Karl Maksimovich Baer Robert Brown (1773-1858) Human egg

6 slide

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1838 The German botanist Matthias Schleiden came to the conclusion that plant tissues consist of cells. 1839 German physiologist and cytologist Theodor Schwann published the book “Microscopic studies on the correspondence in the structure and growth of animals and plants,” in which he formulated the conclusion that the cell is a structural and functional unit of living organisms. This idea is called the Schwann-Schleiden theory. Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1888) Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)

7 slide

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Basic provisions of the Schwann-Schleiden cell theory All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the smallest structural units of life. Cell formation is a universal principle of growth and development of plants and animals. An animal body is the sum of its constituent cells. Scientists' mistakes. M. Schleiden and T. Schwann mistakenly believed that cells arise through neoplasm from non-cellular matter.

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1855 The German physician Rudolf Virchow convincingly proved that cells arise only from cells, through reproduction - “every cell from a cell”, refuting the erroneous idea of ​​cellular formation by Schleiden and Schwann. Virchow's mistake was that he believed that cells were weakly connected to each other and each existed on its own. Later it was possible to prove the integrity of the cellular system. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

Slide 9

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1876 ​​cell center opened. 1890 - Richard Altmann discovered mitochondria. 1892 - D. Ivanovsky discovered viruses. 1898 - Camillo Golgi discovered the organelle named after him - the Golgi apparatus or complex. 1953 - ideas about the structure of DNA were formulated (D. Watson and F. Crick) Dmitry Ivanovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920) Camillo Golgi (1843-926) Viruses Golgi apparatus

10 slide

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Modern cell theory Extract the provisions of modern cell theory from the textbook (§5, p. 22). Compare modern cell theory with Schleiden-Schwann theory.

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Cytology methods The main method for studying cells is light microscopy. The resolution of microscopes is 0.13-0.20 microns, i.e. approximately a thousand times greater than the resolution of the human eye. Light microscopes use sunlight or artificial light. To study the ultrafine structure of cellular structures, they resort to the method of electron microscopy. Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light rays. The resolution of modern electron microscopes is 0.1 nm, so they can reveal very small details. To study the chemical composition and determine the localization of individual chemical substances in the cell, methods of cyto- and histochemistry are widely used, based on the selective effect of reagents and dyes on certain chemical substances cytoplasm. The method of differential (separation) centrifugation allows you to use a centrifuge to separate the cell contents into separate components of different masses and then study their chemical composition in detail.

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Slide captions:

CELLULAR LEVEL Basic principles of cellular theory. Luzganova I.N., biology teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School named after A.M. Gorky, Karachev

Lesson objectives: To develop knowledge about the basic principles of cell theory

grows multiplies exchanges with environment reacts with substances and energy to external stimuli. A CELL is an elementary unit of life on earth. Has all the characteristics of a living organism:

HISTORY OF STUDYING CELLS The first microscope was constructed in 1580-1590. Dutch opticians, father and son Zachary Jansen and Hans Jansen Magnification - up to 10 times The first microscope was designed by the inventor of the telescope - Galileo Galilei (1609) VERSION No. 1 VERSION No. 2

Assignment: fill out the table during the lecture Stage Year Scientist Contribution to the development of science 1. 2. 3. 4. Main stages in the development of cytology / cell theory /

Robert Hooke Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Karl Baer Founders of the cell theory

1. The origin of the concept of the cell Robert Hooke Magnification - up to 150 times improved the microscope first in 1665 examined plant tissue - a plug and established the cellular structure of tissues Introduced the term “cell” Cell - cell (in English cell - “cell, cell, cell” ) (1635-1703), English naturalist

1. The origin of the concept of the cell Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723), a Dutch naturalist, improved R. Hooke's microscope. Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes were very small products with one very strong lens. Magnification – up to 270 times

1. The origin of the concept of the cell Antonio van Leeuwenhoek In 1680 he discovered single-celled organisms. Over 50 years of work, he discovered more than 200 species of the smallest organisms. For the first time he examined bacterial and animal cells, red blood cells, spermatozoa, and muscle tissue.

British (Scottish) botanist of the late 18th century half of the 19th century century, morphologist and plant taxonomist. In 1831 he describes the nucleus and suggests that it is constant integral part plant cell Established the main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms, discovered Brownian motion. 2. The emergence of cell theory Robert Brown

2. The emergence of cell theory By the first third of the 19th century, a significant amount of information had accumulated on the structure of plant, animal and bacterial cells. In 1838, German scientists, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann, independently attempted to combine this accumulated knowledge about cells. Cell theory, created by M. Schleiden and T. Schwann, is the cornerstone of cytology and modern general biology in general. Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881)

2. The emergence of cell theory 1838 - Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden summarized knowledge about the cell, formulated the basic principles of cell theory: all plant and animal organisms consist of cells similar in structure

Rudolf Virchow The thesis “omnis cellula e cellula” (a cell comes only from a cell), concluded the famous debate among biologists about the spontaneous generation of organisms 3. Development of cell theory - the great German scientist of the second half of the 19th century, doctor, pathologist, histologist, physiologist, founder of cell theory in biology In 1858 he formulated the position that each new cell comes from the same initial division.

Karl Baer discovered the mammalian egg (1826). In 1858, he established that all organisms begin their development from one cell. He formulated the position that the cell is not only a unit of structure, but also a unit of development of organisms. 3. Development of cell theory - naturalist, founder of embryology (1792-1876) Estland, Austria, Germany, 1832 - Russia

the most general characteristics of any large group of animals appear in the embryo earlier than the less general characters; after the formation of the most general characteristics, less general ones appear, and so on until the appearance of special characteristics characteristic of a given group; the embryo of any species of animal, as it develops, becomes less and less similar to the embryos of other species and does not pass through the later stages of their development; the embryo of a highly organized species may resemble the embryo of a more primitive species, but is never similar to the adult form of this species 3. Development of cell theory “In the process of development, each new formation arises from a simpler pre-existing basis. Thus, general foundations first appear in the embryo, and from them more and more specialized parts are isolated.” In his works on embryology, he formulated patterns that were later called “Baer’s Laws”: Karl Baer:

All living beings, from single-celled organisms to large plant and animal organisms, are composed of cells. All cells are similar in structure, chemical composition and vital functions. Despite the fact that in multicellular organisms individual cells are specialized to perform a specific function, they are capable of independent life, i.e. can eat, grow, reproduce. All cells are formed from a cell. Provisions of cell theory

A cell is a unit of structure, vital activity, growth and development of living organisms; there is no life outside the cell; A cell is a single system consisting of many elements naturally interconnected with each other, representing a certain integral formation; The cells of all organisms are similar in their chemical composition, structure and functions; New cells are formed only as a result of the division of original cells; The cells of multicellular organisms form tissues, and tissues form organs. The life of an organism as a whole is determined by the interaction of its constituent cells; Cells of multicellular organisms have a full set of genes, but differ from each other in that different groups of genes work in them, which results in morphological and functional diversity of cells - differentiation. Modern cell theory

• Stage The origin of the concept of a cell.

Robert Hooke

(1635-1703)

1665

He published the work “Micrography”, where he presented the results of his research. By examining a thin section of the cork under a microscope, he discovered the existence of many small cells and called them “cells.” This is how this term originated.

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632 - 1723)

1680

Described with great accuracy microorganisms observed under a microscope. He called them "microscopic animals", but did not note their cellular structure.

II. Stage The emergence of cell theory

Robert Brown

(1773 – 1858)

1858

First described the nucleus in a plant cell.

Matthias Schleiden

(1804 – 1881)

1838

Took the first steps towards revealing and understanding the role of the nucleus.

Theodor Schwann

(1810 – 1882)

1839

Using your own data and results

M. Schleiden, summarized knowledge about the cell and formulated the cell theory. The main point of this theory: the cell is the elementary structural unit of all plant and animal organisms.

Cell theory Schwann - Schleiden

1. All animals and plants have a cellular structure.

2. Plants and animals grow and develop through the emergence of new cells.

3. A cell is the smallest unit of living things, and a whole organism is a collection of cells.

III. Stage Development of cell theory

Karl Maksimovich Baer

(1792 – 1876)

1827

Discovered the mammalian egg. Formulated the position that the cell is not only a unit of structure, but also a unit of development of living organisms.

Rudolf Virchow

(1821 – 1902)

1855

Justified the principle of cell continuity

("every cell of a cell").

Modern cell theory

1) The cell is the basis of the structural and functional organization of plants and animals.

2) Plant and animal cells are similar in structure and develop in a similar way (by dividing the original cell).

3) Cells in all organisms have a membrane structure.

4) The cell nucleus represents its main regulatory organelle.

5) The cellular structure of living organisms is evidence of the unity of their origin.