What causes pyometra in cats? Signs of pyometra in cats and its treatment

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Pyometra is one of the forms of purulent endometritis - an inflammatory and infectious process in the uterus, which is observed in cats of different ages, including nulliparous individuals. This is a dangerous condition that requires immediate veterinary intervention, otherwise there may be unpleasant consequences for the health and life of the animal. In sterilized individuals, pyometra is impossible, since removal of the uterus and both ovaries reduces the risk of the pathological process to zero.

Causes of pyometra in cats

The pathology is characterized by the accumulation of purulent-mucosal exudate in the uterine cavity, which leads to serious disruptions in the functioning of the body.

Causes of pyometra include:

hormonal imbalances;
entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the genital tract;
constant use of drugs to control estrus;
untreated endometritis, cystitis and other inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system;
non-compliance with sanitary conditions during childbirth, lack of qualified assistance during childbirth, infection of the birth canal and reproductive organs;
atony of the uterus after childbirth, as a result of which fluid and tissue debris accumulate in it;
sexual intercourse with unexamined cats, too frequent matings;
severe helminthic infestations that have a negative effect on the reproductive organs;
reduced immunity, vitamin deficiency, weakening of the body, unbalanced nutrition.

As practice shows, when pyometra begins, the cat tends to find a secluded place and hide there from prying eyes

Previously, it was believed that the risk group for developing pyometra included mature individuals (over 5 years old) with at least one pregnancy in the past, but modern veterinarians are of the opinion that the disease can develop in any cat, regardless of age and lifestyle.

Especially often, the uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs for medical sterilization of animals leads to the occurrence of pathology. They contain progesterone, which promotes increased production of uterine secretions, which accumulate in the cavity of the organ, and when pathogenic bacteria enter it, putrefactive processes develop.

Sometimes pyometra occurs in pregnant cats - it is impossible to save the offspring in such cases, so all measures are aimed at preserving the life and health of adult cats.

Symptoms

Signs of pyometra can be noticed approximately 2-4 weeks after estrus, and most often the disease begins acutely, with pronounced symptoms.

The main manifestations of the pathology are as follows:

discharge from the loop of a brownish or cloudy white color with a thick consistency and unpleasant odor (occurs only when the cervix is open);
lack of appetite, accompanied by severe thirst, vomiting, diarrhea;
frequent urination;
enlargement of the abdomen, uterus and genital organs, which can be noticed during visual inspection and palpation;
deterioration in general health, fever, apathy or increased aggression.

Sometimes the disease develops so rapidly that the animal can die in a matter of days - the volume of purulent exudate reaches a liter literally in a day, as a result of which the walls of the uterus rupture due to increased pressure, and fluid fills the abdominal cavity.

The owner of the animal may not pay attention to the symptoms and this can lead to the decline of the cat.

When the cervix is closed, the course of the disease can be hidden - the cat looks lethargic and apathetic, avoids active games and loses appetite, the coat becomes dull and disheveled. She can often lick her belly for a long time, and when she tries to feel or just touch it, she shows great anxiety. If any of the above symptoms develop, you should immediately take the animal to a veterinary clinic, otherwise it may die.

Diagnostics

To make a diagnosis of pyometra, the doctor performs a visual examination and palpation of the abdomen, after which he prescribes an ultrasound examination and blood tests. Ultrasound allows you to assess the size and extent of damage to the uterus - with the development of the pathological process, the organ greatly enlarges, its walls thicken, an accumulation of pus is observed in the cavity, and cysts and neoplasms appear on the surface. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of leukocytes, urea and protein, as well as a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left.

The prognosis is generally favorable if the pet’s condition is not severe and the owner consults a doctor on time

Treatment

Treatment tactics for pyometra in cats depend on the clinical course of the disease and the degree of organ damage. Most often, doctors insist on sterilizing the animal (complete removal of the uterus and ovaries), but if the pathological process was identified in the early stages, drug therapy is possible.

Conservative treatment

The goal of conservative treatment of pyometra is to cleanse the uterine cavity of pus and pathogenic bacteria, restore the functioning of the reproductive system and relieve general intoxication of the body. The basis of treatment for the disease is antibiotics - ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, brulamycin, etc., which are most often administered intramuscularly and subcutaneously. In combination with antibacterial therapy, hormonal drugs are used that block the effect of progesterone on the uterus, thereby slowing down the development of the inflammatory process and the accumulation of pus in the organ cavity.

To remove purulent exudate, special drugs are used that cause contractions of the uterus (oxytocin, prostaglandin), but the dosage should be selected very carefully, otherwise rupture of the walls of the organ and rapid death are possible. To improve the functioning of the immune system, the cat is prescribed immunostimulating agents and vitamin therapy.

The use of a conservative treatment method gives the required result in only 15% of animals, but half of them experience relapses of the disease. About 7% lose the ability to bear offspring or fertilize.

Relapses can develop during the next estrus, so even with effective drug therapy, owners are advised to consider sterilizing their pet.

Traditional therapy for the development of pyometra in cats is ineffective and can lead to serious health consequences. Products with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and regenerating effects (infusions and decoctions of chamomile, calendula, nettle) can only be used in combination with medications prescribed by a doctor, after the acute symptoms of the disease have been relieved.

Surgery and postoperative period

Surgery is the most effective treatment for pyometra in cats. The operation allows you to completely stop the pathological process, eliminate the threat to the animal’s life and the possibility of relapse of the disease. The cat is given general anesthesia, after which the surgeon carefully removes the reproductive organs - the uterus and ovaries. The main disadvantage of surgery is that after such treatment the cat will no longer be able to give birth to offspring.

Planned sterilization and emergency sterilization for medical reasons are two big differences; in the latter case, the risks of complications are much higher

To prevent postoperative complications and speed up the regeneration process, a cat that has undergone hysterectomy requires careful care:

Immediately after the operation, the cat is put on a special blanket, which cannot be removed, otherwise the animal may damage the stitches.
The surgical site is regularly treated with hydrogen peroxide or other antiseptic drugs. To prevent complications, the animal is prescribed antibiotics, which must be given in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations.
In the first 24 hours after treatment, the cat should not be fed, but it should receive sufficient water.
During the postoperative period, the animal is fed with ground or semi-liquid food - special pates, porridges or broths with meat puree.

It is important to regularly inspect the surgical site and monitor the general condition of the pet, and immediately report any pathological changes to the veterinarian.

After surgery, the cat needs complete rest.

As a rule, a cat’s recovery after removal of the uterus and ovaries takes 10–14 days; she gradually returns to an active lifestyle, and a small suture reminds her of the operation.

Possible complications

Complications are associated with the wrong choice of treatment tactics and errors during surgical intervention. The most dangerous condition is the re-development of infection, which can occur as a result of unprofessional actions of a doctor - incomplete removal of the uterus or ovaries, failure to comply with hygiene rules when performing manipulations. Incorrect or poor-quality care for your pet during the postoperative period leads to suppuration and inflammation of the sutures, which also requires immediate medical attention.

If for some reason your cat is prescribed a hormonal drug, after the pet has recovered, you should discuss with your veterinarian the advisability of sterilization

If purulent exudate accumulated in the uterus enters the abdominal cavity, abscesses and other dangerous pathologies may develop that can lead to the death of the animal. In addition, after conservative treatment of pyometra, the risk of developing tumors of the reproductive organs increases.

Prevention of disease

The most effective way to prevent pyometra is planned sterilization of the animal, which is recommended after 7–8 months of age. If a cat is of breeding value, the owner must comply with the following rules:

do not abuse drugs to suppress estrus (such drugs can only be used as prescribed by a doctor);
unsterilized individuals should undergo regular preventive examinations by a veterinarian, especially if they have a history of diseases of the genitourinary system;
It is not recommended to attend exhibitions and other events during periods of heat;
You can breed an animal only with proven males who have the appropriate certificates from a veterinarian.

Any change in the behavior or condition of the animal, especially an increase in the abdomen and discharge from the genital tract, requires immediate contact with a veterinarian

Pyometra in cats on video

Pyometra in cats is an inflammatory disease of the endometrium of the uterus, which is accompanied by the accumulation of pus in its cavity. When the first symptoms of the disease appear, suggesting the possible development of pyometra, you should immediately contact a veterinarian, otherwise this can be fatal.

Causes of the disease

Inflammation of the uterus in a cat most often occurs after the age of five. Any animal that has not been sterilized is at risk. Thus, the risk of disease exists both in domestic cats that sit indoors and in cats that lead a free lifestyle.

Pyometra in cats is a dangerous disease that can be fatal in the absence of qualified help.

The main causes of the disease are:

sexually transmitted infections;
various hormonal imbalances;
diseases of the ovaries and the reproductive system as a whole, inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system;
uncontrolled use of drugs that suppress estrus (in cats they lead to changes in hormonal levels and uterine tissue);
childbirth that occurred with complications, unskilled obstetrics, when injuries were caused during childbirth;
prolonged presence in the uterus of an unborn placenta;
prolonged presence of unborn dead fetuses in the uterus;
all sorts of disorders of the immune system, vitamin deficiencies, weakening of the body’s protective functions.

Early diagnosis of the disease gives a chance for drug treatment without surgery

For your information! It is during estrus that the uterus becomes very vulnerable to all kinds of bacteria, since the physiological characteristics of leukocytes, which usually create a barrier to pathogenic microflora, are significantly weakened during this period. In this way, the cat’s body prepares for a possible pregnancy, instead of which, if sanitary standards are violated, this dangerous disease may develop.

Main symptoms of pyometra

Typically, the main symptoms of the disease appear approximately 1.5-2 months after estrus, but in some cases we can talk about several days or several months.

There are open and closed forms of the disease. Even the open form, due to the special cleanliness of cats, is sometimes difficult to diagnose, since the animals constantly lick their genitals. But with a more thorough examination of the bedding and furniture, you can see the most important sign of an incipient disease - droplets of pus.

Note! Pyometra is a very dangerous and rapidly developing disease, so it can sometimes occur without obvious symptoms. In just a matter of days, pus accumulates in the uterine cavity, and in such quantities that it ruptures, filling the abdominal cavity, which, in turn, is fraught with the development of sepsis and death.

Planned sterilization is a reliable method of protection against possible disease

In the standard course of the disease, the clinical picture is accompanied by the following symptoms:

visible increase in the volume of the abdominal cavity;
brown purulent vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor;
apathy and general weakness of the animal;
painful reaction to touching the animal’s stomach and groin;
lack of appetite, sometimes vomiting;
constant thirst, which intensifies as the painful condition worsens;
the cat looks disheveled and exhausted;
hair loss is noted;
body temperature rises.

Important! With a closed form of pyometra and blurred symptoms, the owners may well not pay attention to the malaise of their pet; as a rule, in such cases the animal dies.

Diagnosis of the disease

Whatever the cause of pyometra, timely diagnosis is very important for a positive outcome of the disease. The main and most reliable confirmation of the diagnosis based on clinical symptoms today is ultrasound.

Drug treatment without surgery

When diagnosing pyometra in cats, its treatment without surgery is possible, although recently this has been considered ineffective. The method consists of attempting non-surgical intervention with the help of hormonal drugs, antibiotics and symptomatic therapy to cleanse the uterine cavity of the pus accumulated in it.

Hormonal drugs are usually prescribed to block the effect of the hormone progesterone on the uterus (for example, alysine).

Important! The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chances of saving your pet without surgery. But there is no guarantee that the inflammatory process will not recur after the next heat.

Treating pyometra without surgery is a rather risky and expensive method. It is usually used for early detection and uncomplicated course of the disease, as well as in cases where we are talking about purebred and expensive cats from which they are still planning to get kittens. But it should be remembered that even in the case of a positive outcome of the disease, the cat may remain infertile.

Treating pyometra with medication is quite risky; the disease can recur at any time

If the cat’s uterus has not been removed, then after complete recovery and a course of restorative therapy, provided that the histology performed is normal, veterinarians advise not to delay mating the animal in order to produce offspring. After all, there are no guarantees that the disease will not recur and this time urgent sterilization will not be required.

Among the folk remedies prescribed for pyometra, chamomile, calendula, and nettle are usually used. But decoctions of the listed herbs in no case can act as the only and independent remedy for the disease. They are taken along with the main treatment (medical or surgical), and their main functions are to help relieve pain and inflammation, as well as restore the structure of damaged tissues.

Note! Under no circumstances should you self-medicate, even if there are obvious symptoms or the disease appears to the owner to be mild. If your animal feels unwell, you must contact a veterinarian, otherwise you may kill your pet.

Surgical treatment of pyometra

The surgical method for treating pyometra is as follows: the cat's uterus is removed, as well as both ovaries. Most often, this method is the only chance to save the animal.

The surgical method of treating the disease completely eliminates the possibility of recurrence of the disease in the future.

Today, pyometra is removed using the laparoscopic method, and intradermal sutures are applied. The rehabilitation course after surgery consists of IVs and wearing a special blanket, which, taking into account the structure of the cats’ bodies, will prevent the animal from unnecessary injury.

The open form of pyometra facilitates early diagnosis

In the normal course of the postoperative period, the animal will be healthy within 1-2 weeks. In addition, with this method of treatment, the pet will be insured against a possible recurrence of the disease, as with the medication method.

How to care for your cat after pyometra removal

After the operation, if it was not complicated by ruptures and sepsis, the animal usually recovers quickly. Intradermal sutures do not require removal or special treatment, and if regular sutures were applied, they will need to be washed with special antiseptic agents until the threads are removed.

For your information! To be treated after an operation means to use various drugs aimed at restoring the animal’s immunity, eliminating the consequences of the inflammatory process and intoxication of the body.

After the operation, the cat will have to wear a special blanket for about two weeks.

Literally after 7-10 days of course of rehabilitation therapy and wearing a blanket, the cat will be healthy. Such operated animals live for quite a long time. On any forum of pet lovers there is a lot of evidence of this - reviews from grateful owners and photos of rescued animals.

Prevention of pyometra

The main and most important way to prevent the disease today remains sterilization of the animal. But we are talking about planned sterilization, and the main condition for this is that the cat must be healthy.

If this option is unacceptable for a number of reasons (young purebred cats that must continue the race and give birth), then you should be very attentive to the health of the pet. You should not use hormonal drugs without the supervision of a specialist; the cat’s sexual relations should be under special control: there should be no contact with untested cats. In addition, the anatomy of your pet requires an ultrasound scan every year; this will be the key to her health in the near future.

A routine examination by a veterinarian is the key to a long life and good health for your pet.

Pyometra in a cat is a dangerous inflammatory disease of the uterus, in which pus accumulates in its cavity. The surest remedy for this disease is removal of the uterus and ovaries. At the same time, early diagnosis of the disease is important, which sometimes occurs with a blurred symptomatic picture or with virtually no such picture, so it is very important to pay attention to any suspicious behavior of the animal.

The main preventive measures that can prevent the development of this dangerous disease are monitoring the use of hormonal drugs, monitoring the cat’s sexual relations and routine sterilization. And to be sure that your dog is healthy, you should undergo routine examinations with a veterinarian at least twice a year.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL POLICY AND EDUCATION

FGOU VPO "PRIMORSKAYA STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY"

INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

Department: non-communicable diseases, surgery and obstetrics

COURSE WORK

in obstetrics and gynecology

Topic: Pyometra in cats

Ussuriysk 2014

Introduction

pyometra uterus cat surgical

Over the past few years in Russia, the number of small domestic animals (non-productive) has increased significantly. Moreover, if the growth of the dog population in 1996-1997 slowed down somewhat, the same cannot be said about cats. In the United States, for example, there are about 20 million cats living in households.

The lack of objective information on many, even very common, diseases of dogs and cats gives rise to speculation and erroneous opinions among veterinarians.

In many cases, knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms, careful study of the history and clinical signs allows us to establish a diagnosis with a high degree of certainty without the use of any additional special studies.

There is no need to emphasize the need to carry out simple laboratory tests in the practice of a veterinarian, but when interpreting the results, only a correct understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases can provide a truly valuable answer.

Diseases of the reproductive organs in cats are quite common, and pyometra accounts for a significant proportion of them.

The difficulties of timely diagnosis and the severity of this disease pose a serious problem for practical veterinarians.

The polycyclic nature of cats increases their risk of developing pyometra compared to dogs; some authors also emphasize in this aspect the reflex mechanism of ovulation in cats. There are few available sources of information on the pathology in question; a number of questions remain open.

In particular, in such important areas as the pathognomonicity of the clinical signs of pyometra in cats, the real value of laboratory tests and anamnestic data in the diagnosis of this disease, as well as the possibility of making a diagnosis in the subclinical course of pyometra. Determining the indications for surgical treatment in connection with a known degree of surgical risk is no less important.

1. Main part

1.1 Etiology

Pyometra is a purulent inflammation of the uterine mucosa with the accumulation of exudate in its cavity. Characterized by the accumulation of purulent contents in the uterine cavity when the cervical canal is closed (1) . The disease occurs in the metestrus stage, in cats during false pregnancy, but infection of the uterus apparently occurs earlier - in the estrus stage, when the cervical canal is not yet closed (2). Some authors question the role of hormonal disorders in the etiology of typical pyometra as opposed to chronic endometritis. In this case, they refer to experimental data: when sexually mature, normally cycling animals in the metestrus stage were injected into the uterine cavity with a culture of Escherichia coli, a typical pyometra developed in all cases. However, under natural conditions, spontaneously occurring typical pyometra is observed mainly in old animals, which may be due to decreased ovarian function. In addition, it has been reliably established that females who were administered progestogens to suppress emptying are predisposed to pyometra, although typical symptoms appear 5 months or more after hormonal treatment. Bacteriological examination of the contents of the uterus taken from cats with pyometra gives negative results in 10-20% of cases - the pus is sterile. In other cases, nonspecific microflora is isolated - Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci, pasteurella (3).

1.2 Rationale for diagnosis

When recognizing pyometra, it is necessary to exclude pregnancy, ascites, paralysis of the bladder, vaginitis and a number of diseases accompanied by a violation of the general condition of the animal. Pyometra is characterized by leukocytosis (20-50 thousand cells in 1 µl and above), a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, an increase in the urea content in the blood (up to 40-280 mg%).

To make a diagnosis, a sample of the contents of the uterus is taken. To establish a diagnosis of pyometra and mixometra, the author of the textbook suggested a laboratory test. To do this, pour 1-2 ml of mucus and 5-6 ml of a 1% acetic acid solution into a laboratory test tube and then shake the test tube. If at the same time a strong clot of mucins is formed and the sedimentary liquid is transparent, this confirms the diagnosis with a mixometer, and if a clot does not form and the sedimentary liquid becomes cloudy - with a pyometra (4).

According to the results of the ultrasound, the body and horns of the uterus are visualized, they are stretched and filled with fluid (6).

1.1.2 Causes of pyometra in cats

Hormonal dysfunction of the ovaries. It is usually associated with high levels of progesterone and estrogen in the animal's body. First, the cat begins to develop glandular-cystic endometrial hyperplasia (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the uterus), accompanied by the appearance of cysts, gradually turning into a chronic stage. Weakening of the body's protective functions leads to the development of pyometra.

Infection with microbes. Pathogenic microflora, pathogenic bacteria and infections enter the body of animals in various ways - through the blood, the lymphatic system, during sexual intercourse, during injuries of the birth canal, and pathological childbirth. All this can be the starting point for the development of pyometra in a cat.

Incorrect use of various drugs. For example, the spontaneous use of antiseptics and antibiotics leads to the formation in the animal’s body of microorganisms resistant to the action of these medications. Also, cats are often prescribed hormonal drugs to suppress the pet’s sexual activity. They lead to the development of changes in the tissues of the uterus and, although indirectly, become the cause of the development of pyometra (9).

1.1.3 Symptoms of the disease

Depending on the condition of the cervical canal, vaginal discharge and swelling of the labia (open/closed pyometra) may or may not be observed. Also a variable sign is an increase in body temperature (about 20% of sick cats have signs of fever) (11).

The general condition of the cat and its coat depends on the speed of development of the process. Sometimes there are signs of intoxication, severe anemia, shock (12).

Conflicting information is presented in the studied sources on changes in hematological parameters in pyometra in cats. So, according to V.A. Karpov (1990) pyometra is characterized by leukocytosis (20-50 thousand cells in 1 μl and above), a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left and an increase in the urea content in the blood to 40-280 mg%. American researchers claim that in acute cases, the level of leukocytes in the blood can reach up to 30 thousand cells in 1 μl, but in 50% of cases the level of leukocytes remains within normal limits; moreover, with symptoms of sepsis, even leukopenia is possible. The shift of the nucleus in the leukoformula according to D. Lein (1989) can be both in the regenerative and in the degenerative side (16)(17).

Hematological manifestations of anemia are usually diagnosed with mild or moderate pyometra (normocytic, normochromic anemia with a hematocrit in the range of 28-30%). It is also possible to detect hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia (18).

Biochemical indicators usually reflect the degree of intoxication (possibly increased levels of non-protein nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum).

Urinalysis results may reveal bacteriuria and proteinuria. With intensive development of E. coli in the uterus, exotoxins entering the blood can cause renal tubular failure, manifested in a decrease in the concentrating (reabsorption) function of the kidneys - a decrease in the specific gravity of urine or insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (19).

In the chronic form, pyometra can occur subclinically. Ultrasonography allows one to effectively identify this process, but for obvious reasons the possibilities of using this method in Russia are limited. According to foreign data, the subclinical course can end in “self-cleaning” of the uterus or develop into an acute form (20).

Pyometra can be suspected in any disease in cats during the diestral period, especially in the presence of polydipsia, polyuria and vomiting. Diagnosis consists of analysis of anamnestic data, clinical signs, as well as special studies (ultrasonography and radiography). Cytological examination of a vaginal smear can help in establishing the nature of the discharge. A general and biochemical examination of blood and urine helps to exclude other causes of polydipsia/polyuria and vomiting and evaluate kidney function, acid-base status and, possibly, septicemia. Bacteriological examination of vaginal discharge allows us to identify microflora and establish its sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs (21).

1.1.4 MethodsDiagnosis of uterine pyometra in a cat

Clinical observations suggest that the development period of pyometra can vary from several days to 2-6 months. The first symptoms become noticeable 15 - 35 days after estrus. In general, the manifestations of pyometra are very vague. Usually there is a combination of several symptoms:

There is a general deterioration in the animal's condition: there is no appetite, increased thirst, anxiety, and sometimes the cat has a fever.

You may notice an increase in the volume of your pet's abdomen. This sign is caused by the accumulation of fluid and pus in the uterine cavity.

The cat licks its fur so actively that alopecia (bald patches) form on it.

There is swelling of the labia. This symptom may be accompanied by purulent and bloody discharge, the source of which is in the uterus. But if the pyometra is closed, then there is no discharge. The disease can be latent, which is dangerous for the animal. Other symptoms should be monitored more closely.

Polyuria is increased urine production. The cat goes to the toilet often.

If treatment is not provided in a timely manner and pyometra is advanced, signs of intoxication and sepsis may be observed, when ulcers and metastatic abscesses appear on the body and organs of the animal.

Diagnosis of pyometra includes a complex of functional and laboratory research methods.

Particular attention is paid to the composition of the cat's blood. With pyometra, the analysis shows leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left, hyperglobulemia, and a high level of urea in the blood (40-300 mg).

A urine test will show proteinuria (high protein levels).

A common method of functional research is radiography. It is harmful to the health of the animal and does not always give a clear picture of the disease.

The most reliable method of diagnosis is ultrasound of the uterus. Together with laboratory tests, it allows you to make the correct diagnosis in 100% of cases (22).

1.2 Pathogenesis

1.2.1 Definition of the essence of the disease

The following points can be highlighted in the pathogenesis of pyometra. During the metestrus stage, the increasing secretion of progesterone reduces the resistance of the uterine mucosa to infectious agents, microbes multiply and their toxins cause increased secretion and exudation in the endometrium. The inflammatory reaction, the breakdown products of bacteria and neutrophilic leukocytes increase irritation of the endometrium, the uterine glands expand, and the filling of the uterus with secretions and purulent exudate increases. Often the contents of the uterus are liquid or thick mucus (mixometra). The uterine wall is either thinned, often with purulent ulcerations of the endometrium, or very thickened, with a rough, villous surface of the endometrium (17).

Up to 3-5 liters of purulent contents can accumulate in the dog’s uterine cavity. It does not come out (closed form of pyometra). With the onset of regression of the corpus luteum, the cervical canal opens and the contents of the uterus are released (open form of pyometra) (18).

1.2.2 Classification of pyometra

Pyometra is classified according to its course into acute, subacute and chronic. There are also closed and open forms (based on the condition of the cervix). According to V.A. Karpova (1990) (11) the closed form becomes open with the onset of regression of the corpus luteum. The period of development of pyometra can vary from several days to several months, but most often the first signs appear 2-6 weeks after the last estrus.

In acute and subacute cases, the clinical picture of the disease is manifested by five main signs:

Anorexia (lack of appetite).

Polydipsia (increased thirst).

Polyuria.

Oppression (10).

1.2.3 Diagnosis

The effectiveness of radiographic examination in cases of suspected pyometra is assessed differently by individual authors, however, in the presence of appropriate clinical signs and anamnestic data, symmetrical, uniformly dense shadows of enlarged uterine horns in the dorsoventral projection can confirm the diagnosis of pyometra.

Palpation of the abdomen, depending on the fatness of the animal and other factors, can reveal uterine horns enlarged several times, sausage-shaped or with ampulla-shaped extensions. If it is possible to palpate an ampulla-shaped segmented uterus, then, in my opinion, radiography may not be done, since the latter does not always bring clarity (15).

1.2.4 Treatment of pyometra in a cat

Treatment with folk remedies

It is necessary to understand that it is impossible to cure pyometra in a cat with folk remedies. Decoctions and infusions of herbs that relieve inflammation are used as maintenance therapy in parallel with drug treatment and after surgery. It is therefore recommended to give the animal decoctions and tinctures of chamomile and calendula. They inhibit the spread of inflammation, promote healing and tissue restoration. Nettle is used in the postoperative period as a hemostatic agent.

Drug treatment

The main purpose of using medications in the treatment of pyometra in cats is to remove purulent masses from the animal’s uterus, fight pathogenic bacteria and strengthen the body’s defenses.

Drugs such as Oxytocin and Prostaglandin are used to cause contraction and dilatation of the cervix. This leads to the release of pus from the organ. But they must be used with great caution!!! Improper handling of drugs can lead to rupture of the animal’s uterus (especially if the disease occurs in a closed form) and cause shock.

The doctor should select the most effective antibiotic by conducting a laboratory culture of the cat’s vaginal discharge and identifying which drug the microflora is most sensitive to.

Brullomycin has proven itself well in the treatment of pyometra in cats. It is administered intramuscularly in the following dosage - 0.2-0.3 ml 3 times a day. Therapy lasts 2-3 weeks.

Cloprostenol (5 mcg per 5 kg of animal weight subcutaneously) is also used in combination with Amoxicillin (20 mg per 1 kg of animal weight intramuscularly). The first drug is used for 3 days, the second for 7 days.

Treatment becomes more effective if, along with antibiotics, the animal receives immunomodulators (Immunofan, Ribotan) and vitamins.

The advantage of the drug treatment for pyometra is the ability to preserve the cat’s ability to reproduce.

Disadvantage - high risk of relapses and complications (24).

1.2.5 Operating technique

Laparotomy along the white line. An incision along the linea alba begins at a distance of about 1 cm caudal to the umbilicus and extends to a point located at a distance of 2-3 fingers cranial to the anterior edge of the pubic bone. If necessary, the incision is continued cranially to the umbilicus or above. The bleeding is stopped and the remnants of the middle vesical ligament, as well as fatty tissue in the navel area, are carefully removed.

With a strong increase in size (pyometra, pregnancy), the uterus is sometimes directly adjacent to the abdominal wall and is not covered by the omentum. If the bladder is very full, it must be emptied by compression and placed in the abdominal cavity on the side of the uterus. Then the omentum is displaced cranially, and the uterus, starting from the body of the uterus, is completely pulled out of the abdominal cavity.

If the uterus is not enlarged or slightly enlarged, the body of the uterus is felt with a finger between the bladder and rectum before the entrance to the pelvis. Then, with the tip of a finger, they first probe the left horn of the uterus, grab it by the anterior third and move it forward. In the same way, eventration of the right uterine horn is performed. To displace the intestine from the surgical field, a gauze compress or napkin is placed in the anterior corner of the incision.

The first ligature is applied to the left mesovarium, since it is usually slightly longer than the right one. The surgeon, with his right hand, grabs the left end of the uterine horn and retracts the round and long uterine ligament caudally attached in this place. If the mating of the ovary is long enough, you can move the ovarian bursa forward under slight tension. If the ligament is short, it is necessary to additionally grab the ovarian bursa with your left hand, carefully separate the tightly stretched suspensory ligament of the ovary, which runs cranial to the ovary, with your index and thumb, stretch it a little and without jerking, pull it medially into the incision area, and then, simultaneously pressing on the left edge of the incision , move the bag and the end of the horn forward. In this position, the mesovarium is clearly visible. The ovarian ligament is pierced with a clamp caudal to the upper attachment point of the bursa in a place where there is significantly less fatty tissue. Then an absorbable thread is passed and a knot is tied on the medial side of the ligament at a distance of about 1 cm above the insertion of the ovarian bursa. A clamp or ligature is applied to the end of the uterine horn and the broad ligament of the uterus. In this case, it is necessary to clamp the vessels coming from the uterus, without grasping the round and long uterine ligament. Then the mesovarium is cut with scissors from the caudal side at a distance of about 1 cm distal to the ligature. The blood is immediately removed and all places where bleeding begins, even the slightest, are carefully treated. The broad ligament of the uterus and the round and long uterine ligament branching off from it are divided approximately in the middle in a blunt way almost to the cervix.

The right horn of the uterus with the ovary and ovarian bursa is separated in the same way. The uterus is then moved forward so that an intestinal clamp can be used to secure the vagina caudal to the cervix. A ligature is applied cranial to the clamp in the vaginal area. To prevent it from slipping, you can stitch the muscular membranes of the vagina dorsally or ventrally and then tie the thread in a knot. When tying a knot, the clamp is loosened, and then fixed again. After amputation of the uterus, the uterine stump can be fixed for further processing using a clamp without tensioning the ligature.

A second clamp is applied slightly more cranial to the ligature, the abdominal cavity is covered, and the uterus is separated caudal to the cervix. The mucous membrane of the vaginal stump is excised or coagulated. If necessary, the rest of the mucous membrane is stewed with tincture of iodine and the wound surfaces of the stump are sutured with diagonal stitches.

In case of peritonitis due to pyometra breakthrough, an ovariohysterectomy is performed, and then the abdominal cavity is washed with a physiological solution of table salt heated to body temperature, and, if necessary, drained. The laparotomy wound is sutured with an intermittent 8-shaped reverse suture (non-absorbable thread) or the wound is sutured in layers.

1.2.6 Post-operative care and recovery period

If the operation is successful, the animal requires minimal care. To protect the abdominal stitch while it heals, the cat should wear a post-operative shirt, bandage, or collar. Within 24 hours she will recover from the anesthesia, but weakness and malaise may persist for several more days. It is necessary to inspect the seam daily. If it stays clean and gradually dries out, then everything goes well. If the stitch becomes wet, bleeds, or you are concerned about its color, take your cat to the vet.

After the stitches are removed, the animal can be bathed.

Food and drink should be given almost immediately. In the first days, the cat may refuse it. But she must eat. Offer varied and tasty food and favorite treats. It is important that it is soft and easily digestible. If he doesn’t want broth, boiled meat or eggs, try giving him dry food. Dilute milk with water. The animal needs strength to recover.

If the operation is done on time, if the abdominal cavity is not infected, then your pet will survive and recover. The prognosis will be less favorable if sepsis has developed and problems with the functioning of other organs have arisen (29).

1.2.7 Pyometra in a pregnant cat after giving birth

Since one of the main symptoms of pyometra in a cat is an increase in the volume of the abdomen, the disease can be confused with pregnancy and triggered. So be sure to pay attention to other symptoms. If a cat begins to suffer from pyometra after giving birth, then with timely, intensive drug treatment, the animal can be saved. It is not uncommon for a pet to give birth to several healthy litters after this. It is important that treatment is started before estrus (23).

If pyometra is detected in a pregnant cat, then treatment must also be started immediately. You will lose the kittens, but you need to fight for the life of the mother. Depending on the results of the ultrasound, tests and stage of the disease, the veterinarian will tell you what is best for each specific case - surgery or drug treatment (25).

1.2.8 Disease prevention

To prevent pyometra in a cat, it is best to sterilize the cat as early as possible (from the age of 8 months). If the cat is for breeding or you want to get kittens from her for yourself, you should not give the cat hormonal drugs to suppress estrus, only herbal sedatives (Cat Bayun, Stop - stress). A cat can go into heat monthly and the cat's behavior during this period can be very unpleasant and burdensome for the owner. In this case, sterilizing a cat is the best solution for the animal and its owner, because it is relatively easy to tolerate and does not have long-term consequences for the animal, unlike the use of drugs to suppress estrus (27,28,30).

It is also necessary to prevent uncontrolled matings of cats, only planned ones and with a trusted cat.

During childbirth, it is necessary to ensure that the cat does not give birth for more than a day, there are no more than 3.5 hours between kittens, and there are no long-term inconclusive contractions

Complete prevention of the development of pyometra in cats is planned castration - removal of the uterus and ovaries. Avoid the use of drugs “contrasex”, “sex barrier”, etc. (30).

Conclusion

The vast majority of cats that were diagnosed with pyometra received the drug “Contrasex” before the disease.

Clinical diagnosis of pyometra in cats is complicated by several factors, the main one of which is the nonspecificity of the signs of this disease.

The most consistent symptom is significant enlargement of the uterine horns, which can be palpated through the abdominal wall. An increase in abdominal size also accompanies most cases of pyometra.

It is necessary to suspect pyometra in cats with signs of an increase in the size of the abdomen and/or uterine horns if there is a history of use of the drug "Contrasex".

Bibliography

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Why is pyometra dangerous?

Pyometra in cats is a pathological process that occurs in the inner lining of the animal's uterus. This is one of the types of chronic purulent endometritis. The disease is extremely serious and life-threatening. Pyometra can develop in a cat regardless of breed, age or number of successful matings. Many people mistakenly believe that only adults or animals that have given birth get sick, but in fact this is not the case. Only those who have undergone a sterilization procedure have lifelong immunity from this disease, that is, cats deprived of reproductive organs - the ovaries and uterus. Pyometra is a disease that can occur completely unnoticed. But in an instant it develops rapidly, and the animal can die in a matter of hours - this is the insidiousness of the disease.

How does it arise

Pyometra can develop in a cat for a variety of reasons. Some of the most common include hormonal disorders and infectious diseases. The cause may be various pathologies of the internal genital organs, difficult childbirth, as well as its occurrence in unsterile conditions. Pyometra in cats can also appear as a result of diseases and inflammatory processes of other internal organs of the genitourinary system - the infection can easily move to the uterus. Endometritis occurs from many bacteria, so you need to monitor the health of knitting cats. When the inflammatory process is started, pus forms in the cat’s uterus. Its accumulation occurs rapidly, the uterus stretches to enormous sizes, its walls may not be able to withstand it - a rupture occurs, and the fluid enters the abdominal cavity. Often in this case it is not possible to save the animal.

About the dangers of contraceptives

Cat owners should remember that any contraceptives are based on the use of hormonal agents. The reaction of each animal to their introduction can be completely different. If one cat can take such drugs for several years without any consequences for her health, another may experience hormonal imbalance from a single use. Under the influence of hormones, the cat’s glands produce an excessive amount of secretion, it accumulates in the uterine cavity, and the entry of pathogenic microflora can trigger an inflammatory process, as a result of which pyometra occurs. In a cat, symptoms may be mild and appear at the last stage. It is extremely important to identify the disease as early as possible, in which case you can count on a successful outcome and save the animal’s life.

Symptoms

There are certain general signs that indicate that an animal is beginning to develop pyometra. In a cat, symptoms are characterized by a deterioration in the general condition, the animal is apathetic, does not play, and lies more often. The cat's body temperature rises, urination increases, appetite disappears and vomiting may occur. The cat drinks a lot of water and quickly loses weight. The coat looks dull and unhealthy. Pyometra in cats is revealed by visual examination: the abdomen becomes greatly enlarged and becomes painful. The cat often licks itself, a thick discharge with a foul odor appears from the vagina, its color can be light or dark brown. At the slightest suspicion, you should immediately show the cat to a specialist.

Establishing diagnosis

Only a doctor can make an unambiguous diagnosis. A full examination and palpation of the uterus is performed. If it is enlarged and there is a suspicion of pyometra, an ultrasound examination will be prescribed. These are the main steps to identify pyometra in cats. Symptoms and treatment are closely related: if the inflammatory process is in the initial stage, then drug treatment may be recommended. If pyometra is advanced, then the only effective treatment in this situation is emergency surgery.

Treatment

Under no circumstances should you engage in diagnosis or self-medication - this is a rather serious disease! Only a qualified specialist should conduct all possible studies on the basis of which a diagnosis of pyometra in cats is made. Early symptoms and treatment offer more hope for recovery.

Drugs such as Oxytocin and Prostaglandin are used to cause contraction and dilatation of the cervix. This leads to its release from pus.

As for antibiotics, the doctor should select them by conducting a laboratory culture of the cat’s vaginal discharge and identifying which drug the microflora is most sensitive to.

Brullomycin has shown itself to be effective in the treatment of pyometra in cats. It is administered intramuscularly at 0.2-0.3 ml 3 times a day. Treatment lasts 2-3 weeks. Cloprostenol (5 mcg per 5 kg of animal weight subcutaneously) with Amoxicillin (20 mg per 1 kg of animal weight intramuscularly) is also used. The first is used for three days, the second - for a week.

Therapy is considered more effective if, along with antibiotics, the cat receives immunomodulators (Immunofan, Ribotan) and vitamins.

Your veterinarian may recommend removal of the uterus and ovaries even if pyometra has just begun to develop. This is the most effective way. Drug treatment is less effective and effective only in 15% of cases; it does not guarantee that pyometra will not reappear after the next estrus. If your cat does not have breeding value, then it is better to agree to the operation. This way you will protect her and yourself from possible troubles in the future.

Prevention

If your pet has not yet undergone the sterilization procedure or is of breeding value, you should carefully take care of its health. It is always easier to prevent a disease than to treat it and deal with its consequences. Make it a habit to visit your veterinarian regularly. Remember that immunity is the guardian of health, so high-quality nutrition and vitamins must be present in the diet. During the period of heat, try to protect your purr from stress and carefully consider the choice of a potential “groom”. Use contraceptives with extreme caution and strictly follow the recommendations. Be attentive to your pet, because many diseases can cause the appearance of a disease such as pyometra in cats. Treatment of all kinds of diseases should be completed, strictly adhering to the doctor’s instructions. If your cat is diagnosed with pyometra, begin intensive care immediately! This is a very complex disease, but if you seek help in a timely manner, the outcome can be quite successful.

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Why is pyometra dangerous?

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